﻿418 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  grazing 
  period 
  runs 
  from 
  the 
  second 
  to 
  the 
  fifth 
  year. 
  The 
  sixth 
  year 
  

   is 
  a 
  year 
  of 
  rest 
  in 
  preparation 
  for 
  the 
  new 
  planting 
  in 
  the 
  seventh 
  

   year. 
  

  

  Whether 
  he 
  is 
  a 
  tenant 
  of 
  the 
  hacienda 
  or 
  a 
  member 
  of 
  a 
  free 
  com- 
  

   munity, 
  a 
  Quechua's 
  agricultural 
  methods 
  are 
  the 
  same. 
  The 
  basic 
  

   instrument 
  is 
  the 
  chaquitaclla, 
  a 
  digging 
  stick 
  with 
  a 
  foot-rest 
  and 
  an 
  

   iron 
  blade. 
  The 
  taclla, 
  an 
  adz-hoe, 
  which 
  consists 
  of 
  a 
  blade 
  of 
  iron 
  

   held 
  by 
  a 
  simple 
  forked 
  stick, 
  the 
  clod 
  crusher 
  with 
  stone 
  or 
  metal 
  

   head, 
  a 
  threshing 
  stick, 
  and 
  the 
  sickle 
  are 
  used 
  universally. 
  Plow 
  

   agriculture 
  is 
  practiced 
  in 
  the 
  valleys 
  and 
  sporadically 
  in 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  

   Quechua 
  territory, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  primarily 
  an 
  aspect 
  of 
  Mestizo 
  and 
  hacienda 
  

   agriculture. 
  

  

  Division 
  and 
  organization 
  of 
  labor. 
  — 
  A 
  Quechua 
  work 
  day 
  at 
  plowing 
  

   time 
  (barbecho) 
  begins 
  at 
  dawn, 
  when 
  the 
  man 
  of 
  the 
  household 
  goes 
  

   to 
  his 
  plot 
  to 
  meet 
  the 
  members 
  of 
  his 
  work 
  party 
  (masa). 
  These 
  

   have 
  been 
  notified 
  a 
  few 
  days 
  previously 
  to 
  appear. 
  Then, 
  seated 
  on 
  

   the 
  ground, 
  the 
  party 
  chews 
  some 
  coca 
  supplied 
  by 
  the 
  owner 
  of 
  the 
  

   plot. 
  Actual 
  work 
  with 
  the 
  chaquitaclla 
  begins 
  a 
  little 
  later 
  and 
  is 
  

   interrupted 
  after 
  an 
  hour 
  for 
  another 
  coca 
  chew. 
  Work 
  is 
  then 
  resumed 
  

   and 
  continues 
  without 
  interruption 
  until 
  noon. 
  Lunch 
  usually 
  con- 
  

   sists 
  of 
  chufiu, 
  potatoes, 
  and, 
  sometimes, 
  cheese. 
  The 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  meal 
  

   is 
  a 
  signal 
  for 
  more 
  coca. 
  At 
  about 
  2 
  o'clock, 
  after 
  another 
  hour 
  of 
  

   work, 
  the 
  party 
  stops 
  to 
  partake 
  of 
  the 
  host's 
  coca. 
  The 
  work 
  day 
  

   ends 
  at 
  about 
  5 
  o'clock, 
  when 
  the 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  work 
  party 
  return 
  

   to 
  their 
  homes. 
  

  

  Plowing 
  is 
  done 
  by 
  hand, 
  ordinarily 
  in 
  groups 
  of 
  three 
  in 
  which 
  two 
  

   men 
  break 
  the 
  ground 
  with 
  the 
  chaquitaclla 
  while 
  the 
  third 
  person, 
  a 
  

   woman 
  or 
  a 
  boy, 
  follows, 
  setting 
  the 
  clods 
  alternately 
  to 
  one 
  side 
  and 
  

   to 
  the 
  other. 
  A 
  regular 
  rhythm 
  is 
  observed 
  by 
  the 
  men 
  who 
  work 
  with 
  

   chaquitaclla. 
  The 
  instruments 
  fall 
  in 
  unison; 
  the 
  bodies 
  move 
  to- 
  

   gether; 
  the 
  foot-rests 
  are 
  leaned 
  on 
  at 
  precisely 
  the 
  same 
  instant. 
  At 
  

   times 
  the 
  party 
  breaks 
  into 
  song 
  and 
  follows 
  the 
  beat 
  of 
  the 
  music 
  in 
  

   the 
  digging 
  movements. 
  Other 
  times 
  there 
  will 
  be 
  low 
  talking, 
  jesting, 
  

   shouting. 
  The 
  two 
  men 
  retreat 
  on 
  a 
  line 
  a 
  half 
  step 
  at 
  a 
  time, 
  lean 
  

   back 
  and 
  then 
  forward, 
  introduce 
  the 
  blade 
  of 
  the 
  chaquitaclla 
  into 
  

   the 
  ground, 
  then 
  throw 
  the 
  full 
  weight 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  onto 
  the 
  foot-rest 
  

   and 
  bear 
  down. 
  As 
  they 
  bring 
  the 
  blade 
  up, 
  pushing 
  the 
  clod 
  of 
  earth 
  

   forward, 
  the 
  woman 
  grips 
  the 
  clods, 
  turning 
  one 
  to 
  the 
  right 
  and 
  the 
  

   other 
  to 
  the 
  left. 
  This 
  work 
  of 
  the 
  woman 
  is 
  known 
  as 
  rapay. 
  

  

  The 
  speed 
  of 
  the 
  work 
  is 
  impressive. 
  One 
  line 
  of 
  about 
  54 
  yards 
  

   (50 
  m.) 
  is 
  plowed 
  in 
  about 
  22 
  minutes. 
  After 
  the 
  first 
  row 
  is 
  plowed, 
  

   a 
  second 
  may 
  be 
  made 
  parallel 
  to 
  the 
  first 
  but 
  at 
  some 
  distance 
  away. 
  

   After 
  several 
  main 
  vertical 
  rows 
  (orcco) 
  are 
  laid 
  down 
  outlining 
  the 
  

   limits 
  of 
  the 
  plot, 
  several 
  horizontal 
  rows 
  (cunco) 
  are 
  plowed. 
  The 
  

   resulting 
  blocks 
  are 
  filled 
  in 
  (huacho) 
  , 
  making 
  all 
  varieties 
  of 
  geometric 
  

  

  