﻿424 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  rental 
  fee 
  collected 
  at 
  harvest 
  time 
  or 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  year. 
  In 
  the 
  

   valleys, 
  the 
  irrigable 
  plots 
  are 
  carefully 
  measured 
  and 
  rented 
  by 
  the 
  

   topo. 
  This 
  is 
  not 
  usually 
  the 
  case 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands. 
  The 
  plots 
  are 
  

   unmeasured, 
  the 
  fees 
  are 
  arbitrary, 
  and 
  no 
  one 
  is 
  quite 
  certain 
  how 
  a 
  

   proper 
  rental 
  fee 
  may 
  be 
  set. 
  

  

  The 
  reasons 
  for 
  the 
  prejudice 
  against 
  the 
  system 
  of 
  rentals 
  for 
  

   cash 
  lie 
  in 
  the 
  Colonial 
  fabric 
  of 
  Peruvian 
  agrarian 
  economy. 
  The 
  

   landlord 
  of 
  Colonial 
  type, 
  who 
  is 
  usually 
  absent 
  from 
  his 
  holdings 
  

   and 
  has 
  little 
  or 
  nothing 
  to 
  do 
  with 
  the 
  exploitation 
  of 
  his 
  land, 
  pre- 
  

   fers 
  to 
  have 
  the 
  Indian 
  not 
  as 
  a 
  free 
  agent 
  but 
  as 
  a 
  farm 
  laborer 
  of 
  

   one 
  type 
  or 
  another. 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  common 
  rental 
  system 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  payment 
  in 
  services. 
  

   Four 
  types 
  of 
  service 
  payment 
  are 
  exacted 
  by 
  the 
  hacendados: 
  (1) 
  

   Working 
  an 
  indefinite 
  number 
  of 
  days 
  in 
  the 
  hacienda 
  fields, 
  (2) 
  

   working 
  a 
  specified 
  number 
  of 
  days, 
  (3) 
  working 
  out 
  a 
  specified 
  rental 
  

   fee 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  the 
  accepted 
  daily 
  wage, 
  and 
  (4) 
  working 
  when 
  

   required 
  but 
  with 
  some 
  token 
  compensation 
  in 
  cash 
  (Ponce 
  de 
  Leon, 
  

   1934, 
  pp. 
  16-17). 
  The 
  first 
  system 
  operates 
  with 
  greatest 
  flexibility. 
  

   In 
  the 
  District 
  of 
  Quillabamba, 
  Province 
  of 
  La 
  Convenci6n, 
  each 
  

   tenant 
  may 
  cultivate 
  as 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  hacienda 
  land 
  as 
  he 
  may 
  need, 
  4 
  

   in 
  return 
  for 
  which 
  he 
  works 
  alternate 
  weeks 
  at 
  the 
  hacienda. 
  

   Similarly, 
  in 
  Paucartambo 
  and 
  Quispicanchis, 
  the 
  Indian 
  tenants 
  in 
  

   return 
  for 
  their 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  land 
  are 
  responsible 
  for 
  all 
  the 
  work 
  of 
  

   the 
  hacienda 
  even 
  to 
  depositing 
  the 
  harvest 
  at 
  the 
  hacendado 
  's 
  town 
  

   house 
  about 
  62 
  miles 
  (100 
  km.) 
  or 
  more 
  distant. 
  Here, 
  rental 
  for 
  

   service, 
  or 
  yanaconazco, 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  called, 
  includes 
  the 
  obligation 
  of 
  

   carting 
  the 
  hacienda's 
  products 
  to 
  the 
  market 
  center 
  on 
  the 
  backs 
  

   of 
  the 
  Indian's 
  own 
  beasts 
  of 
  burden. 
  It 
  further 
  includes 
  service 
  as 
  

   pongos, 
  house 
  servants, 
  in 
  the 
  master's 
  town 
  house 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  at 
  the 
  

   hacienda. 
  

  

  The 
  second 
  type 
  of 
  rental 
  for 
  services, 
  working 
  a 
  specified 
  number 
  

   of 
  days, 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  common 
  as 
  the 
  first 
  . 
  The 
  hacendado, 
  if 
  he 
  can, 
  

   would 
  rather 
  have 
  the 
  Indian 
  on 
  constant 
  call 
  and 
  select 
  the 
  best 
  

   work 
  days 
  for 
  service 
  on 
  the 
  hacienda 
  fields. 
  The 
  Indian 
  is 
  then 
  

   left 
  the 
  days 
  of 
  bad 
  weather 
  or 
  time 
  dangerously 
  late 
  in 
  the 
  season 
  

   for 
  work 
  in 
  his 
  own 
  plots. 
  The 
  third 
  operates 
  as 
  follows: 
  A 
  piece 
  

   of 
  land 
  is 
  taken 
  by 
  a 
  tenant 
  whose 
  rental 
  value 
  is 
  set 
  at 
  20 
  soles. 
  

   At 
  a 
  daily 
  wage 
  of 
  20 
  centavos, 
  the 
  tenant 
  can 
  work 
  off 
  his 
  rental 
  by 
  

   giving 
  100 
  days' 
  work 
  to 
  the 
  hacienda. 
  

  

  Still 
  another 
  type 
  of 
  rental 
  is 
  practiced, 
  called 
  compafiia 
  (metayage), 
  

   which 
  is 
  most 
  akin 
  to 
  simple 
  sharecropping. 
  The 
  ideal 
  form 
  of 
  

   compafiia, 
  found 
  in 
  Anta, 
  Urumbamba, 
  and 
  in 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  Peru, 
  

   permits 
  the 
  tenant 
  to 
  supply 
  the 
  seed, 
  fertilizer, 
  tools, 
  irrigation, 
  and 
  

   labor, 
  and 
  to 
  apply 
  these 
  to 
  the 
  land 
  of 
  the 
  hacendado, 
  to 
  whom 
  he 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  Indian's 
  choice 
  of 
  land 
  is 
  usually 
  restricted 
  to 
  the 
  punas, 
  the 
  infertile 
  hillsides. 
  

  

  