﻿Vol.2] 
  CONTEMPORARY 
  QTJECHUA 
  — 
  MISHKIN 
  427 
  

  

  Sheep 
  and 
  llamas 
  are 
  kept 
  in 
  separate 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  corrals 
  beside 
  

   the 
  houses. 
  Special 
  care 
  is 
  taken 
  with 
  llamas. 
  The 
  pregnant 
  females 
  

   are 
  separated 
  to 
  protect 
  them 
  against 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  males. 
  The 
  

   llamas 
  are 
  usually 
  marked: 
  the 
  ears 
  are 
  slit, 
  colored 
  tassels 
  may 
  be 
  

   inserted, 
  and 
  frequently 
  red 
  ocher 
  is 
  rubbed 
  on 
  the 
  animals. 
  These 
  

   markings 
  are 
  mainly 
  decorative 
  and 
  are 
  used 
  to 
  indicate 
  ownership. 
  

  

  Little 
  or 
  no 
  effort 
  is 
  made 
  to 
  separate 
  strains 
  in 
  breeding 
  animals. 
  

   However, 
  a 
  great 
  deal 
  of 
  ritual 
  is 
  employed 
  throughout 
  Peru 
  to 
  ensure 
  

   fertility. 
  In 
  Kauri, 
  it 
  is 
  said 
  that 
  the 
  greater 
  number 
  of 
  lambs 
  are 
  

   born 
  around 
  San 
  Juan 
  (the 
  24th 
  of 
  June) 
  and 
  Christmas 
  time. 
  In 
  

   February, 
  during 
  Carnival, 
  and 
  during 
  the 
  month 
  of 
  August, 
  offerings 
  

   are 
  made 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  coca, 
  aguardiente, 
  beans, 
  inchis 
  (peanuts), 
  

   cupaico, 
  wera 
  ccoya, 
  and 
  canchua, 
  called 
  the 
  quintuichascca. 
  These 
  

   are 
  buried 
  in 
  the 
  pasture 
  grounds. 
  Moreover, 
  there 
  are 
  special 
  kinds 
  

   of 
  rocks 
  said 
  to 
  resemble 
  sheep, 
  llamas, 
  and 
  cattle 
  — 
  oveja 
  enccaycho, 
  

   llama 
  enccaycho, 
  and 
  vaca 
  encaycho. 
  Not 
  every 
  community 
  has 
  

   these 
  rocks, 
  and 
  the 
  inhabitantsof 
  communities 
  that 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  so 
  

   favored 
  go 
  to 
  the 
  nearest 
  enccaycho 
  to 
  have 
  the 
  ceremony 
  of 
  quin- 
  

   tuichu 
  performed. 
  The 
  ceremony 
  is 
  conducted 
  in 
  Kauri 
  by 
  a 
  diviner, 
  

   or 
  brujo, 
  for 
  the 
  sum 
  of 
  20 
  centavos 
  to 
  1 
  sol 
  (1938 
  prices), 
  according 
  to 
  

   the 
  number 
  of 
  sheep. 
  The 
  major 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  ceremony 
  consists 
  of 
  

   divining 
  the 
  will 
  of 
  the 
  mountain 
  spirits 
  and 
  making 
  the 
  offerings 
  in 
  

   accordance 
  with 
  the 
  orders 
  revealed 
  in 
  the 
  divination. 
  As 
  the 
  offer- 
  

   ing 
  is 
  made, 
  the 
  spirit 
  is 
  invoked 
  to 
  defend 
  the 
  herds 
  against 
  

   disease 
  and 
  to 
  protect 
  them 
  against 
  ravages 
  of 
  condors 
  and 
  foxes. 
  

  

  It 
  has 
  been 
  noted 
  that 
  in 
  many 
  regions 
  of 
  Peru 
  llamas 
  are 
  not 
  bred 
  

   but 
  are 
  brought 
  by 
  traders 
  from 
  the 
  Collao 
  in 
  exchange 
  for 
  chufiu 
  or 
  

   sold 
  for 
  cash. 
  The 
  reasons 
  are 
  not 
  immediately 
  obvious 
  to 
  the 
  ob- 
  

   server. 
  In 
  Quispicanchis, 
  the 
  altitudes 
  are 
  certainly 
  favorable 
  for 
  

   llama 
  breeding, 
  yet 
  the 
  Indians 
  are 
  loathe 
  to 
  make 
  an 
  effort 
  in 
  this 
  

   direction. 
  Nearly 
  always, 
  males 
  are 
  bought 
  and 
  the 
  rationalization 
  

   given 
  refers 
  to 
  the 
  fighting 
  propensities 
  of 
  the 
  llama, 
  especially 
  when 
  

   he 
  is 
  in 
  mixed 
  company. 
  What 
  does 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  bearing 
  on 
  this 
  

   curious 
  fact 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  llama 
  has 
  been 
  reintroduced 
  into 
  southern 
  

   Peru 
  relatively 
  recently. 
  With 
  the 
  coming 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniard 
  to 
  Peru, 
  

   the 
  horse 
  was 
  rapidly 
  diffused 
  through 
  the 
  country. 
  In 
  a 
  short 
  time, 
  

   an 
  acclimated 
  breed 
  was 
  produced, 
  short, 
  shaggy, 
  and 
  hardy 
  enough 
  

   to 
  withstand 
  the 
  climate 
  of 
  the 
  Andes. 
  The 
  encomiendas 
  and, 
  later, 
  

   the 
  haciendas 
  possessed 
  large 
  numbers 
  of 
  horses, 
  avoiding 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  

   llamas. 
  The 
  Indian, 
  however, 
  because 
  of 
  a 
  Colonial 
  edict 
  preventing 
  

   him 
  from 
  using 
  horses, 
  retained 
  llamas 
  until 
  the 
  Republic 
  permitted 
  

   him 
  to 
  own 
  and 
  breed 
  horses. 
  Thereafter, 
  many 
  Quechua 
  communities 
  

   took 
  to 
  herding 
  horses 
  in 
  preference 
  to 
  llamas, 
  perhaps 
  because 
  the 
  

   horse 
  was 
  a 
  prestige 
  animal, 
  perhaps 
  because 
  the 
  horse 
  was 
  a 
  more 
  

   satisfactory 
  beast 
  of 
  burden, 
  or 
  because 
  depopulation, 
  which 
  had 
  

  

  