﻿434 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  tB. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  handed 
  down 
  within 
  a 
  single 
  family 
  since 
  the 
  early 
  days 
  of 
  the 
  Re- 
  

   public. 
  For 
  example, 
  the 
  Flores 
  family 
  in 
  central 
  Ayacucho 
  (Huanta) 
  

   have 
  been 
  famous 
  makers 
  of 
  gourd 
  vessels 
  probably 
  since 
  the 
  1840's. 
  

  

  In 
  Piura, 
  the 
  gourds 
  are 
  colored 
  a 
  yellow 
  buff 
  by 
  polishing 
  with 
  

   fragments 
  of 
  glass 
  and 
  oiling. 
  The 
  incised 
  figures 
  are 
  crude 
  and 
  fre- 
  

   quently 
  the 
  design 
  is 
  scratched 
  directly 
  on 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  the 
  gourd. 
  

   Some 
  of 
  the 
  Huancayo 
  gourds, 
  although 
  they 
  are 
  imperfectly 
  dyed 
  

   and 
  the 
  figures 
  crudely 
  incised, 
  are 
  most 
  artistic 
  in 
  conception 
  and 
  

   bold 
  in 
  design. 
  In 
  the 
  long 
  calabashes, 
  a 
  common 
  practice 
  is 
  to 
  elon- 
  

   gate 
  the 
  figures 
  to 
  conform 
  with 
  the 
  shape 
  of 
  the 
  plant. 
  

  

  Mining 
  and 
  metalwork. 
  — 
  In 
  modern 
  times, 
  numerous 
  Quechua 
  

   wash 
  alluvial 
  gold 
  in 
  the 
  streams 
  of 
  the 
  eastern 
  slope 
  of 
  the 
  Andes. 
  

   Many 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  hacienda 
  Indians, 
  as, 
  for 
  example, 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  

   Ocongate, 
  who 
  collect 
  gold 
  dust 
  for 
  the 
  landlords 
  for 
  some 
  token 
  re- 
  

   muneration. 
  

  

  Working 
  in 
  silver 
  and 
  copper 
  is 
  most 
  highly 
  developed 
  in 
  central 
  

   and 
  southern 
  Peru. 
  Pins, 
  earrings, 
  buckles, 
  rings, 
  and 
  brooches 
  are 
  

   the 
  most 
  popular 
  forms 
  of 
  metal 
  objects. 
  During 
  the 
  past 
  few 
  years, 
  

   the 
  best 
  artisans 
  have 
  migrated 
  to 
  Lima 
  to 
  work 
  in 
  large 
  commercial 
  

   establishments. 
  Production 
  is 
  being 
  quickly 
  transformed 
  to 
  meet 
  the 
  

   demands 
  of 
  the 
  urban 
  purchasers 
  and 
  the 
  tourist 
  trade. 
  

  

  Miscellaneous. 
  — 
  Numerous 
  other 
  industries 
  are 
  found 
  among 
  the 
  

   Peruvian 
  Quechua: 
  tanning, 
  shoemaking, 
  milling, 
  etc. 
  Essen- 
  

   tially, 
  the 
  articles 
  produced 
  by 
  native 
  industry 
  are 
  for 
  native 
  use 
  and 
  

   enter 
  into 
  the 
  native 
  channels 
  of 
  trade. 
  The 
  standard 
  of 
  workman- 
  

   ship 
  is 
  high 
  in 
  most 
  cases, 
  yet 
  there 
  is 
  little 
  development 
  of 
  a 
  profes- 
  

   sional 
  spirit. 
  Although 
  differences 
  in 
  skill 
  among 
  producers 
  are 
  noted 
  

   and 
  appreciated, 
  few 
  experts 
  in 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  native 
  industries 
  mentioned 
  

   above 
  devote 
  full 
  time 
  to 
  their 
  chosen 
  industry. 
  In 
  practically 
  every 
  

   case, 
  agriculture 
  or 
  herding 
  comes 
  first; 
  everything 
  else 
  is 
  an 
  avocation. 
  

  

  TRADE, 
  MARKETS, 
  AND 
  LABOR 
  

  

  Trade. 
  — 
  Specialization 
  in 
  agricultural 
  production 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  in 
  

   handicraft 
  and 
  manufactured 
  goods 
  is 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  entire 
  

   Quechua 
  community. 
  Potatoes, 
  chufio, 
  barley, 
  etc., 
  are 
  products 
  

   which 
  belong 
  essentially 
  to 
  the 
  high 
  altitudes. 
  Coca, 
  peppers, 
  and 
  

   fruits 
  are 
  cultivated 
  in 
  the 
  valleys 
  and 
  lowlands. 
  There 
  are 
  com- 
  

   munities 
  such 
  as 
  in 
  Lambayeque 
  and 
  Piura 
  which 
  specialize 
  in 
  the 
  

   manufacture 
  of 
  hats. 
  Pucara, 
  Department 
  of 
  Puno, 
  is 
  a 
  center 
  of 
  

   pottery 
  and 
  tiles. 
  Huertas 
  is 
  a 
  shoemaking 
  center. 
  A 
  firm 
  basis 
  

   exists 
  everywhere 
  for 
  interchange 
  of 
  specialized 
  production 
  although 
  

   few 
  communities 
  are 
  entirely 
  dependent 
  on 
  trade 
  for 
  gaining 
  a 
  live- 
  

   lihood. 
  

  

  The 
  professional 
  traders 
  in 
  Peru 
  are 
  the 
  Indians 
  from 
  the 
  Collao. 
  

   These 
  itinerant 
  peddlers 
  of 
  hats, 
  analine 
  dyes, 
  native 
  medicines, 
  

  

  