﻿Vol.2] 
  CONTEMPORARY 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  MISHKIN 
  439 
  

  

  Ornaments. 
  — 
  Clothing 
  ornaments 
  mainly 
  of 
  metal 
  are 
  widely 
  used. 
  

   The 
  spoon-shaped 
  pin 
  is 
  used 
  to 
  clasp 
  the 
  ends 
  of 
  the 
  lliella 
  or 
  to 
  

   adorn 
  the 
  blouse 
  of 
  the 
  dress. 
  Earrings, 
  brooches, 
  and 
  rings 
  of 
  cop- 
  

   per 
  and 
  silver 
  are 
  worn 
  on 
  Sundays 
  and 
  on 
  fiesta 
  days. 
  Necklaces 
  

   of 
  huayruros, 
  various 
  types 
  of 
  shell, 
  coins 
  (5-, 
  10-, 
  and 
  20-centavo 
  

   pieces), 
  stone, 
  and 
  bone 
  are 
  worn 
  by 
  most 
  Quechua 
  women. 
  Some 
  

   of 
  the 
  necklaces 
  are 
  made 
  in 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  rows 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  diadem 
  which 
  

   is 
  worn 
  from 
  the 
  neck 
  to 
  the 
  breast. 
  The 
  brooches 
  represent 
  turkeys, 
  

   condors, 
  llamas 
  with 
  loads, 
  and 
  human 
  figures. 
  Well-dressed 
  men 
  

   of 
  Cuzco 
  are 
  also 
  loaded 
  down 
  at 
  fiesta 
  time 
  with 
  clothing 
  ornaments 
  

   consisting 
  of 
  silver 
  chains, 
  pins, 
  buckles, 
  etc. 
  

  

  Metal 
  bracelets 
  are 
  not 
  worn. 
  Their 
  place 
  is 
  taken 
  by 
  wrist 
  and 
  

   ankle 
  ornaments 
  made 
  of 
  wool 
  and 
  woven 
  in 
  bright 
  colors. 
  

  

  VILLAGES 
  AND 
  PATTERN 
  OF 
  SETTLEMENT 
  

  

  Villages. 
  — 
  Broadly 
  speaking, 
  four 
  basic 
  patterns 
  of 
  settlement 
  are 
  

   found 
  throughout 
  the 
  whole 
  Andean 
  region: 
  (1) 
  The 
  dispersed 
  or 
  

   open 
  community, 
  in 
  which 
  each 
  family 
  occupies 
  a 
  house 
  in 
  the 
  midst 
  

   of 
  its 
  cultivable 
  land. 
  The 
  houses 
  may 
  be 
  relatively 
  closely 
  grouped 
  

   or 
  may 
  be 
  a 
  quarter 
  of 
  a 
  kilometer 
  or 
  more 
  apart. 
  (2) 
  The 
  "nucleated" 
  

   community, 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  true 
  village 
  from 
  which 
  the 
  people 
  go 
  out 
  to 
  

   their 
  fields. 
  (3) 
  The 
  third 
  type 
  of 
  settlement, 
  which 
  is, 
  in 
  reality, 
  

   a 
  combination 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  two. 
  One 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  community 
  may 
  be 
  

   concentrated 
  at 
  one 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  community 
  lands, 
  while 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  

   inhabitants 
  reside 
  in 
  houses, 
  separated 
  and 
  widely 
  dispersed 
  over 
  a 
  

   large 
  section 
  of 
  the 
  community 
  lands. 
  (4) 
  The 
  towns, 
  the 
  majority 
  

   of 
  which 
  are 
  of 
  Spanish 
  origin. 
  By 
  origin, 
  the 
  Quechua 
  towns 
  are 
  

   actually 
  a 
  merging 
  of 
  several 
  distinct 
  communities. 
  

  

  Precisely 
  which 
  type 
  is 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  form 
  of 
  community 
  is 
  impos- 
  

   sible 
  to 
  say. 
  Type 
  1, 
  the 
  dispersed 
  community, 
  is 
  certainly 
  an 
  

   ancient 
  form, 
  -pre-Inca, 
  and 
  one 
  obviously 
  indigenous 
  to 
  the 
  high 
  alti- 
  

   tudes, 
  where 
  it 
  predominates 
  today. 
  Type 
  2, 
  the 
  "nucleated" 
  

   village, 
  is 
  more 
  commonly 
  to 
  be 
  seen 
  in 
  the 
  valleys 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  more 
  

   fertile 
  lands 
  at 
  lower 
  altitudes. 
  This, 
  doubtless, 
  was 
  the 
  case 
  in 
  

   early 
  times. 
  Type 
  3, 
  again, 
  is 
  principally 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  punas, 
  al- 
  

   though 
  it 
  is 
  common 
  at 
  low 
  altitudes 
  also. 
  The 
  towns, 
  type 
  4, 
  are 
  

   scattered 
  throughout 
  the 
  punas, 
  but 
  mainly 
  belong 
  to 
  a 
  valley 
  type 
  

   of 
  organization. 
  From 
  historical 
  evidence 
  and 
  logical 
  analysis, 
  one 
  

   is 
  led 
  to 
  conclude 
  that 
  all 
  four 
  types 
  were 
  present 
  in 
  Inca 
  times 
  and 
  all 
  

   are, 
  perhaps, 
  even 
  of 
  earlier 
  origin. 
  

  

  Most 
  of 
  the 
  towns 
  are 
  centers 
  of 
  Mestizo 
  population. 
  However, 
  

   in 
  the 
  punas, 
  district 
  capitals 
  are 
  located 
  in 
  what 
  are 
  almost 
  purely 
  

   Indian 
  towns, 
  such 
  as 
  Ccatcca 
  and 
  Ocongate, 
  in 
  Quispicanchis. 
  Even 
  

   the 
  town 
  of 
  Paucartambo, 
  the 
  capital 
  of 
  a 
  subprefecture, 
  contains 
  

   a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  Quechua. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  

  

  