﻿460 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  The 
  religious 
  fiestas 
  constitute 
  the 
  high 
  points 
  of 
  the 
  annual 
  calen- 
  

   dar. 
  Those 
  who 
  hold 
  the 
  major 
  offices 
  in 
  the 
  fiestas 
  achieve 
  genuine 
  

   prestige. 
  Men 
  are 
  willing 
  to 
  lose 
  the 
  accumulated 
  savings 
  of 
  a 
  life 
  

   time 
  in 
  a 
  display 
  of 
  generosity 
  and 
  a 
  disregard 
  of 
  the 
  expense 
  entailed 
  

   by 
  offices 
  in 
  the 
  important 
  fiestas. 
  Not 
  only 
  do 
  the 
  fiestas 
  offer 
  an 
  

   outlet 
  for 
  ambitious 
  men 
  who 
  seek 
  approval 
  in 
  public 
  life 
  ; 
  above 
  all, 
  

   they 
  provide 
  the 
  ordinary 
  Indians 
  with 
  a 
  periodic 
  respite 
  from 
  a 
  

   monotonous 
  and 
  painful 
  existence. 
  

  

  The 
  periods 
  of 
  life 
  as 
  conceived 
  by 
  the 
  people 
  of 
  Kauri 
  are 
  as 
  follows: 
  

  

  Huahua 
  (infant) 
  : 
  Birth 
  to 
  2 
  yrs. 
  of 
  age, 
  male 
  and 
  female. 
  

  

  Erque 
  (very 
  little 
  one) 
  : 
  2 
  to 
  8 
  yrs.; 
  fern., 
  pashna 
  erque. 
  

  

  Mactta 
  (little 
  one): 
  8 
  to 
  18 
  yrs.; 
  fern., 
  pashna. 
  

  

  Wayna 
  (young 
  one): 
  18 
  to 
  22 
  yrs.; 
  fern., 
  sipas. 
  

  

  Runa 
  (man): 
  22 
  to 
  30 
  yrs.; 
  fern., 
  sipas 
  huarmi. 
  

  

  Chaupi 
  tiempo 
  runa 
  (man, 
  one-half 
  life): 
  35 
  to 
  45 
  yrs.; 
  fern., 
  tiempo 
  huarmi. 
  

  

  Machu 
  runa 
  (old 
  man): 
  45 
  to 
  70 
  yrs.; 
  fern., 
  paya 
  huarmi. 
  

  

  Yuyac 
  (he 
  who 
  remenbers): 
  70 
  yrs. 
  up; 
  fern., 
  yuyac 
  huarmi. 
  

  

  EDUCATION 
  

  

  The 
  Quechua 
  child 
  is 
  taught 
  to 
  be 
  submissive 
  and 
  to 
  bow 
  before 
  

   authority, 
  to 
  distrust 
  the 
  outsider, 
  to 
  fear 
  the 
  Christian-pagan 
  hier- 
  

   archy 
  of 
  spirits 
  and 
  deities, 
  and 
  to 
  struggle 
  as 
  best 
  he 
  can 
  to 
  gain 
  a 
  

   livelihood. 
  Throughout 
  his 
  life, 
  he 
  remains 
  hemmed 
  in 
  from 
  all 
  sides. 
  

   His 
  daily 
  experiences 
  together 
  with 
  subtle 
  family 
  indoctrination 
  teach 
  

   him 
  that 
  he 
  has 
  no 
  weapon 
  with 
  which 
  to 
  defend 
  himself 
  and 
  tend 
  to 
  

   produce 
  the 
  familiar 
  Quechua 
  personality 
  — 
  the 
  sullen 
  and 
  resigned 
  

   Indian 
  who 
  breaks 
  through 
  his 
  protective 
  shell 
  on 
  some 
  fiesta 
  days 
  

   with 
  the 
  help 
  of 
  aguardiente 
  or, 
  from 
  time 
  to 
  time, 
  in 
  avoidance 
  of 
  a 
  

   paralysis 
  born 
  of 
  desperation 
  (it 
  would 
  seem 
  to 
  the 
  onlooker), 
  is 
  

   thrown 
  into 
  spasms 
  of 
  violence. 
  

  

  But 
  the 
  Quechua 
  also 
  learns 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  good 
  farmer, 
  to 
  carry 
  on 
  animal 
  

   husbandry, 
  and 
  to 
  work 
  at 
  the 
  arts 
  and 
  crafts 
  connected 
  with 
  his 
  

   village 
  and 
  family. 
  It 
  is 
  with 
  these 
  economic 
  activities 
  that 
  the 
  overt 
  

   educative 
  process 
  is 
  concerned. 
  As 
  we 
  have 
  described 
  (see 
  Agricul- 
  

   ture, 
  p. 
  415), 
  the 
  Quechua 
  people 
  show 
  a 
  certain 
  competence 
  and 
  re- 
  

   sourcefulness 
  in 
  getting 
  a 
  living 
  from 
  their 
  farming. 
  Despite 
  ignor- 
  

   ance 
  of 
  modern 
  agricultural 
  practice 
  and 
  lack 
  of 
  facilities, 
  they 
  have 
  

   accumulated 
  an 
  extensive 
  body 
  of 
  lore, 
  much 
  of 
  it 
  truly 
  applicable 
  to 
  

   Andean 
  conditions. 
  This 
  mixture 
  of 
  proved 
  knowledge 
  and 
  super- 
  

   stition 
  is 
  passed 
  on 
  from 
  generation 
  to 
  generation. 
  The 
  father 
  sets 
  

   himself 
  the 
  task 
  of 
  teaching 
  his 
  son 
  all 
  that 
  he 
  himself 
  knows 
  of 
  his 
  

   work 
  with 
  unsurpassed 
  seriousness, 
  and 
  he 
  does 
  so 
  patiently 
  and 
  de- 
  

   liberately. 
  Boys 
  of 
  preschool 
  age 
  accompany 
  their 
  fathers 
  to 
  the 
  

   fields, 
  are 
  taught 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  instruments, 
  are 
  encouraged 
  to 
  

   try 
  their 
  hand 
  at 
  the 
  work, 
  are 
  given 
  light 
  duties 
  to 
  perform 
  in 
  a 
  

   regular 
  aine, 
  and 
  are 
  paid 
  the 
  half 
  wage 
  due 
  women 
  and 
  working 
  

  

  