﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  COMMUNITIES 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  PERU 
  — 
  CASTRO 
  POZO 
  485 
  

  

  than 
  those 
  already 
  named. 
  Nevertheless, 
  industries 
  had 
  already- 
  

   been 
  separated 
  from 
  handicrafts 
  in 
  the 
  home, 
  and 
  the 
  workshop 
  was 
  

   in 
  the 
  process 
  of 
  organization. 
  For 
  example, 
  the 
  cloth 
  for 
  garments 
  

   was 
  woven 
  on 
  rudimentary 
  looms, 
  and 
  the 
  secondary 
  operations 
  of 
  the 
  

   textile 
  art 
  were 
  carried 
  on 
  in 
  workshops. 
  This 
  specialization 
  in 
  manu- 
  

   facture 
  together 
  with 
  abundant 
  raw 
  materials 
  led 
  to 
  division 
  of 
  labor 
  

   between 
  the 
  villages. 
  Some 
  ayllus 
  devoted 
  themselves 
  to 
  metallurgy 
  

   in 
  gold 
  and 
  silver, 
  some 
  to 
  ceramics, 
  others 
  to 
  herding 
  or 
  to 
  fishing, 
  

   and 
  still 
  others 
  to 
  making 
  artifacts 
  for 
  domestic 
  use. 
  There 
  was 
  no 
  

   money, 
  and 
  needs 
  were 
  satisfied 
  through 
  barter 
  or 
  exchange. 
  It 
  

   seems 
  that 
  trading 
  was 
  left 
  to 
  the 
  individual, 
  without 
  the 
  intervention 
  

   of 
  the 
  local 
  authorities, 
  and 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  populous 
  centers 
  it 
  became 
  

   customary 
  to 
  carry 
  on 
  exchanges 
  in 
  a 
  fixed 
  place, 
  which 
  was 
  the 
  origin 
  

   of 
  the 
  markets 
  and 
  fairs. 
  2 
  Trade 
  required 
  several 
  adjuncts: 
  a 
  stand- 
  

   ard 
  of 
  value, 
  such 
  as 
  salt, 
  red 
  pepper, 
  or 
  coca; 
  instruments, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  

   huarcu, 
  or 
  scales; 
  standard 
  measurements 
  of 
  weight, 
  volume, 
  and 
  size, 
  

   such 
  as 
  the 
  achupalla 
  or 
  unit 
  of 
  weight, 
  the 
  kullutupo 
  (the 
  Spanish 
  

   celemin, 
  a 
  dry 
  measure 
  of 
  about 
  a 
  peck), 
  the 
  kapa 
  or 
  extended 
  hand, 
  

   and 
  the 
  ricra, 
  or 
  fathom 
  (braza). 
  

  

  Each 
  ayllu, 
  or 
  group 
  of 
  ayllus, 
  either 
  civil 
  or 
  natural, 
  formed 
  a 
  

   governmental 
  unit 
  (curacazgo), 
  ruled 
  by 
  a 
  curaca. 
  This 
  institution 
  

   seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  a 
  local 
  phenomenon, 
  which 
  developed 
  in 
  the 
  

   course 
  of 
  the 
  political 
  evolution 
  of 
  the 
  ayllu. 
  The 
  curaca, 
  aided 
  by 
  a 
  

   council 
  of 
  family 
  heads 
  or 
  old 
  men, 
  settled 
  all 
  local, 
  civil, 
  political, 
  and 
  

   administrative 
  matters, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  division 
  of 
  water 
  or 
  crimes 
  within 
  

   the 
  group. 
  He 
  ruled 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  established 
  custom, 
  and 
  the 
  

   council 
  enforced 
  his 
  decrees. 
  Crimes 
  against 
  religion, 
  the 
  State, 
  and 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  Emperor, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  were 
  considered 
  matters 
  of 
  

   state 
  concern. 
  They 
  were 
  judged 
  directly 
  by 
  the 
  Emperor's 
  repre- 
  

   sentatives 
  and 
  were 
  punished 
  with 
  death. 
  

  

  The 
  custom 
  by 
  which 
  the 
  curaca 
  used 
  to 
  consult 
  the 
  elders 
  or 
  his 
  

   friends 
  regarding 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  ayllu 
  lands 
  was 
  probably 
  extended 
  

   so 
  that 
  he 
  conferred 
  with 
  all 
  the 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  ayllu. 
  Thus 
  there 
  

   originated 
  the 
  communal 
  assembly, 
  with 
  limited 
  powers. 
  This 
  sup- 
  

   position 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  the 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  public 
  records 
  concerning 
  the 
  

   establishment 
  of 
  chaplaincies 
  by 
  the 
  curacas 
  in 
  Colonial 
  times. 
  The 
  

   records 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  curacas 
  always 
  consulted 
  their 
  relatives 
  con- 
  

   cerning 
  these 
  chaplaincies, 
  which 
  were 
  established 
  only 
  when 
  there 
  

   was 
  do 
  opposition 
  by 
  the 
  relatives. 
  

  

  The 
  patrimony 
  of 
  the 
  ayllus 
  was 
  the 
  marca, 
  an 
  area 
  of 
  farm 
  or 
  pas- 
  

   ture 
  lands 
  surrounding 
  the 
  village. 
  The 
  rivers, 
  streams, 
  and 
  lagoons, 
  

   the 
  pastures 
  and 
  natural 
  forests, 
  the 
  herds, 
  the 
  wild 
  animals, 
  the 
  gold, 
  

   silver, 
  and 
  copper 
  mines, 
  and 
  the 
  aqueducts, 
  bridges, 
  and 
  roads 
  were 
  

   integral 
  and 
  inalienable 
  parts 
  of 
  that 
  public 
  patrimony. 
  

  

  3 
  See 
  Valc&rcel, 
  this 
  volume, 
  pp. 
  477-482. 
  

  

  