﻿Vol.2] 
  COMMUNITIES 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  PERU 
  — 
  CASTRO 
  POZO 
  495 
  

  

  The 
  justification 
  of 
  this 
  system 
  was 
  that 
  the 
  Indian 
  was 
  given 
  do 
  

   opportunity 
  to 
  develop 
  new 
  needs. 
  His 
  needs 
  were 
  reduced 
  and 
  cur- 
  

   tailed 
  until 
  he 
  was 
  converted 
  into 
  a 
  nearly 
  irrational 
  being, 
  with 
  a 
  

   standard 
  of 
  living 
  lower 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  work 
  animals 
  and 
  only 
  little 
  

   higher 
  than 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  llama, 
  the 
  beast 
  of 
  burden. 
  This, 
  together 
  

   with 
  his 
  hereditary 
  frugality 
  and 
  the 
  rustic 
  simplicity 
  of 
  his 
  herding 
  

   and 
  farming 
  methods, 
  accustomed 
  him 
  to 
  a 
  vegetative 
  existence, 
  with- 
  

   out 
  any 
  element 
  of 
  volition 
  in 
  the 
  monochrome 
  of 
  slothfulness 
  and 
  

   imbecility. 
  From 
  this 
  psychology 
  he 
  still 
  suffers 
  in 
  some 
  sections 
  of 
  

   our 
  country 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  the 
  worst 
  inheritance 
  which 
  the 
  Republic 
  has 
  received 
  

   from 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Colonial 
  regime. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  direct 
  effects 
  of 
  this 
  heritage 
  were 
  that 
  the 
  Indian 
  was 
  

   not 
  taught 
  how 
  to 
  read, 
  to 
  cultivate 
  his 
  spirit, 
  to 
  be 
  clean, 
  to 
  dress 
  

   himself 
  and 
  wear 
  shoes, 
  that 
  with 
  his 
  family, 
  he 
  was 
  housed 
  in 
  peons 
  7 
  

   quarters 
  to 
  sleep 
  and 
  rest 
  from 
  the 
  fatigue 
  of 
  the 
  day's 
  work, 
  that 
  

   his 
  religious 
  manifestations 
  were 
  inquisitively 
  scrutinized, 
  repressed, 
  

   and 
  punished, 
  that 
  his 
  temples 
  and 
  his 
  gods 
  were 
  destroyed, 
  so 
  that 
  

   in 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  several 
  centuries, 
  he 
  arrived 
  at 
  the 
  stage 
  of 
  not 
  

   being 
  able 
  to 
  dispose 
  of, 
  or 
  even 
  to 
  think 
  about, 
  his 
  own 
  person. 
  

   Because 
  of 
  these 
  he 
  sank 
  to 
  such 
  a 
  level 
  that 
  his 
  spirit 
  acquired 
  a 
  

   numbness 
  and 
  unresponsiveness 
  in 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  the 
  "misti," 
  or 
  

   landowning 
  employer, 
  that 
  has 
  been 
  erroneously 
  judged 
  as 
  a 
  cun- 
  

   ning 
  hypocrisy. 
  

  

  This 
  condition 
  led 
  to 
  decay 
  of 
  agricultural 
  methods 
  and 
  gave 
  rise 
  

   to 
  the 
  division 
  of 
  the 
  marca, 
  which 
  had 
  belonged 
  to 
  the 
  ayllu, 
  into 
  

   individual 
  family 
  plots. 
  The 
  process 
  was 
  one 
  of 
  social 
  disorgani- 
  

   zation 
  following 
  catastrophe. 
  All 
  that 
  remained 
  was 
  the 
  desire 
  for 
  

   personal 
  preservation, 
  which, 
  in 
  this 
  case, 
  was 
  economically, 
  histori- 
  

   cally, 
  and 
  sociologically 
  the 
  striving 
  to 
  defend 
  the 
  family. 
  

  

  Included 
  in 
  the 
  family 
  were 
  the 
  children 
  and 
  the 
  wife, 
  whose 
  role 
  

   in 
  this 
  period 
  merits 
  discussion. 
  

  

  The 
  women 
  and 
  the 
  boys 
  under 
  18 
  did 
  not 
  owe 
  tribute, 
  according 
  to 
  

   the 
  Leyes 
  de 
  Indias, 
  even 
  though 
  they 
  worked 
  as 
  shepherds 
  and 
  as 
  

   apprentices 
  in 
  certain 
  tasks, 
  earning 
  2% 
  reales 
  a 
  week, 
  or 
  "5 
  pesos 
  a 
  

   year, 
  paid 
  in 
  current 
  money, 
  and 
  furthermore 
  the 
  food 
  and 
  clothing 
  

   for 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  Indians." 
  They 
  also 
  were 
  the 
  ones 
  who 
  cultivated 
  

   small 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  marca 
  lands 
  to 
  feed 
  their 
  families 
  and 
  to 
  pay 
  the 
  

   tribute 
  "in 
  fruits 
  of 
  the 
  land," 
  referred 
  to 
  in 
  the 
  law 
  of 
  tribute. 
  

  

  The 
  women 
  and 
  the 
  minors, 
  then, 
  to 
  some 
  extent 
  maintained 
  the 
  

   family 
  economy, 
  and 
  helped 
  to 
  sustain 
  the 
  males, 
  who 
  paid 
  tribute 
  to 
  

   the 
  measure 
  of 
  their 
  productive 
  capacity. 
  But, 
  as 
  the 
  harvests 
  were 
  

   not 
  always 
  sufficient 
  to 
  cover 
  these 
  obligations 
  and 
  necessities, 
  there 
  

   arose 
  the 
  unavoidable 
  necessity 
  of 
  hiring 
  out 
  ("concertar") 
  the 
  children 
  

   so 
  that 
  their 
  "5 
  pesos 
  a 
  year," 
  in 
  case 
  they 
  were 
  paid, 
  helped 
  pay 
  the 
  

  

  595682—46 
  34 
  

  

  