﻿496 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  tribute 
  and 
  meet 
  other 
  family 
  needs. 
  In 
  the 
  Sierra, 
  the 
  ayllus 
  and 
  

   their 
  marcas, 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  able 
  to 
  save 
  themselves 
  during 
  the 
  first 
  

   period 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest 
  because 
  their 
  geographical 
  and 
  climatological 
  

   situation 
  was 
  unsuitable 
  for 
  the 
  life 
  and 
  manners 
  of 
  the 
  conquerors, 
  

   were 
  defended 
  tenaciously 
  by 
  the 
  Indian 
  women. 
  They 
  continued 
  to 
  

   exist 
  within 
  the 
  regime 
  of 
  slavery, 
  because 
  the 
  largest 
  consumers, 
  the 
  

   Indian 
  masses, 
  had 
  largely 
  lost 
  their 
  productive 
  capacity 
  and 
  their 
  

   power 
  to 
  consume 
  had 
  diminished 
  considerably. 
  If 
  to 
  this 
  is 
  added 
  

   the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  restrictions 
  imposed 
  on 
  outside 
  commerce 
  and 
  on 
  

   the 
  cultivation 
  of 
  certain 
  crops 
  made 
  greater 
  production 
  or 
  more 
  

   extensive 
  farming 
  useless, 
  we 
  have 
  the 
  explanation 
  of 
  why 
  the 
  land- 
  

   owner 
  had 
  more 
  than 
  sufficient 
  lands, 
  Indians, 
  and 
  slaves 
  for 
  a 
  produc- 
  

   tion 
  designed 
  to 
  satisfy, 
  in 
  free 
  competition, 
  the 
  necessities 
  of 
  its 
  few 
  

   consumers. 
  The 
  marginal 
  lands, 
  he 
  did 
  not 
  need, 
  and, 
  it 
  was 
  conven- 
  

   ient 
  to 
  leave 
  them 
  in 
  the 
  possession 
  of 
  the 
  Indians, 
  for 
  he 
  could 
  thus 
  

   continue 
  to 
  pay 
  them 
  a 
  low 
  wage 
  with 
  impunity, 
  and 
  they 
  could 
  supply 
  

   the 
  deficiency 
  by 
  family 
  labor 
  in 
  the 
  plot 
  in 
  the 
  marca 
  of 
  the 
  ayllu. 
  

  

  THE 
  AYLLU 
  UNDER 
  THE 
  REPUBLIC 
  AND 
  TODAY 
  

  

  The 
  processes 
  causing 
  both 
  the 
  disintegration 
  of 
  the 
  community 
  

   and 
  the 
  establishment 
  of 
  individual 
  property 
  ownership 
  did 
  not 
  

   end 
  in 
  Colonial 
  times. 
  In 
  some 
  exceptional 
  Coastal 
  valleys, 
  the 
  

   exploitation 
  of 
  the 
  farms 
  acquired 
  characteristics 
  of 
  true 
  capitalistic 
  

   industrialization: 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  patr6n, 
  or 
  landowner, 
  with 
  Indian 
  

   mitayos, 
  peons 
  and 
  slaves, 
  who 
  performed 
  services 
  for 
  him 
  and 
  were 
  

   paid 
  in 
  money, 
  food, 
  or 
  clothing. 
  Consequently, 
  when 
  the 
  Kepublic 
  

   was 
  established 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  economic 
  systems, 
  there 
  

   was 
  not 
  one 
  man 
  in 
  the 
  War 
  for 
  Independence 
  who 
  stood 
  for 
  the 
  ideal 
  

   of 
  restoring 
  the 
  conquered 
  race, 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  for 
  its 
  economic 
  and 
  intel- 
  

   lectual 
  betterment 
  and 
  elevation 
  to 
  the 
  socio-political 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  

   other 
  social 
  classes. 
  The 
  Indians, 
  therefore, 
  continued 
  to 
  be 
  impris- 
  

   oned 
  in 
  the 
  economic, 
  political, 
  and 
  social 
  norms 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  epoch; 
  

   for 
  them 
  independence 
  and 
  republican 
  institutions 
  had 
  no 
  significance 
  

   whatsoever, 
  for 
  their 
  masters 
  were 
  the 
  same 
  and 
  had 
  even 
  acquired 
  

   greater 
  authority. 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  same 
  time, 
  the 
  Indian's 
  intellectual 
  condition 
  and 
  state 
  of 
  

   servitude 
  prevented 
  him 
  from 
  recognizing 
  the 
  transcendental 
  impor- 
  

   tance 
  of 
  the 
  emancipation 
  movement, 
  which 
  remained 
  foreign 
  to 
  him. 
  

   Many 
  Indians 
  volunteered 
  as 
  recruits 
  to 
  whichever 
  of 
  the 
  contending 
  

   armies 
  would 
  enroll 
  them 
  in 
  their 
  ranks, 
  an 
  act 
  which 
  gained 
  no 
  

   sympathy 
  at 
  all 
  for 
  them. 
  

  

  Thus 
  the 
  Republic, 
  during 
  the 
  first 
  100 
  years 
  of 
  its 
  organization 
  and 
  

   existence 
  in 
  freedom, 
  left 
  the 
  Indian 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  plane 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  

   condition 
  as 
  during 
  Colonial 
  times. 
  On 
  the 
  Coast, 
  he 
  was 
  "reduced" 
  

   on 
  the 
  large 
  estates 
  and 
  lived 
  in 
  small 
  towns 
  or 
  settlements, 
  where 
  he 
  

  

  