﻿498 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  mother, 
  many 
  farms 
  belonging 
  to 
  the 
  families 
  of 
  curacas 
  or 
  other 
  in- 
  

   dividuals 
  are 
  still 
  worked 
  in 
  common. 
  The 
  users 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  at 
  

   present 
  very 
  numerous, 
  and 
  in 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  constitutional 
  guarantee 
  of 
  

   the 
  right 
  to 
  dispose 
  of 
  their 
  lands 
  and 
  communities, 
  they 
  have 
  organ- 
  

   ized 
  themselves 
  and 
  asked 
  that 
  the 
  government 
  officially 
  recognize 
  and 
  

   register 
  them. 
  The 
  comunidad 
  is 
  an 
  economic 
  factor 
  which 
  will 
  not 
  

   disappear. 
  It 
  awaits 
  only 
  a 
  strong 
  and 
  intelligent 
  will 
  and 
  hand 
  

   which 
  will 
  direct 
  it 
  along 
  an 
  economico-political 
  path 
  for 
  the 
  national 
  

   good. 
  

  

  Nevertheless, 
  this 
  is 
  not 
  all 
  of 
  the 
  problem 
  of 
  our 
  aborigines. 
  On 
  all 
  

   the 
  large 
  farms 
  in 
  the 
  Sierra, 
  in 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  zone 
  between 
  the 
  flat 
  

   plain 
  and 
  the 
  sea, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  highest 
  ridges 
  of 
  the 
  western 
  Andean 
  

   Cordillera, 
  the 
  aborigines 
  and 
  "yanaconas," 
  who 
  were 
  earlier" 
  reduced' 
  ' 
  

   to 
  their 
  present 
  villages, 
  now 
  serve 
  as 
  farm 
  workers 
  (colonos), 
  yan- 
  

   aconas, 
  shepherds, 
  and 
  servants, 
  within 
  the 
  same 
  Colonial 
  system 
  to 
  

   which 
  we 
  have 
  referred. 
  The 
  farm 
  workers 
  (colonos) 
  of 
  the 
  Sierra 
  

   are 
  considered 
  as 
  an 
  integral 
  element 
  of 
  the 
  fundo 
  (large 
  farm) 
  , 
  which, 
  

   without 
  them, 
  would 
  be 
  worthless. 
  This 
  is 
  because 
  each 
  farm 
  worker 
  

   has 
  a 
  parcel 
  of 
  the 
  fundo, 
  for 
  which 
  he 
  pays 
  in 
  annual 
  labor. 
  To 
  

   these 
  services 
  there 
  is 
  almost 
  always 
  added 
  a 
  fee 
  of 
  money 
  for 
  the 
  

   pasturage 
  of 
  animals, 
  which 
  he 
  therefore 
  gives 
  or 
  sells 
  to 
  the 
  owner 
  to 
  

   meet 
  the 
  price 
  imposed 
  for 
  their 
  grazing. 
  In 
  this 
  way, 
  all 
  the 
  farm 
  

   work 
  is 
  performed 
  with 
  the 
  labor 
  which 
  the 
  colonos 
  render 
  without 
  

   pay. 
  Furthermore, 
  it 
  produces 
  income 
  in 
  cash 
  and 
  animals, 
  all 
  of 
  

   which 
  would 
  disappear 
  if 
  the 
  colonaje 
  — 
  the 
  system 
  of 
  using 
  colonos 
  as 
  

   farm 
  workers 
  — 
  ceased 
  to 
  exist. 
  

  

  At 
  present, 
  when 
  a 
  farm 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  bought, 
  the 
  buyer 
  asks 
  how 
  many 
  

   workers 
  it 
  has 
  on 
  it. 
  On 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  men, 
  the 
  number 
  

   of 
  workdays 
  which 
  each 
  owes, 
  what 
  they 
  are 
  able 
  to 
  produce 
  annually, 
  

   and 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  livestock 
  which 
  they 
  possess, 
  he 
  determines 
  the 
  

   price 
  which 
  he 
  will 
  offer. 
  

  

  The 
  problem 
  of 
  yanaconas 
  on 
  the 
  Coast 
  is 
  as 
  great 
  as 
  the 
  preceding 
  

   one, 
  for 
  it 
  is 
  manifest 
  on 
  all 
  the 
  cotton, 
  rice, 
  and 
  flax 
  farms. 
  The 
  

   owner 
  requires 
  the 
  yanacona 
  to 
  sow 
  a 
  specific 
  crop 
  on 
  90 
  to 
  95 
  percent 
  

   of 
  the 
  land 
  allotted 
  to 
  him, 
  to 
  pay 
  the 
  owner 
  a 
  determined 
  proportion 
  

   of 
  the 
  harvest 
  per 
  fanega 
  (1.59 
  acres), 
  and 
  to 
  sell 
  him 
  the 
  rest. 
  He 
  

   advances 
  the 
  worker 
  his 
  maintenance 
  and 
  supplies 
  him 
  with 
  the 
  

   necessary 
  implements, 
  which 
  shall 
  be 
  deducted 
  from 
  the 
  value 
  of 
  the 
  

   proceeds 
  of 
  the 
  harvest. 
  Nearly 
  all 
  the 
  rural 
  properties 
  (fundos) 
  

   in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Lima 
  are 
  cultivated 
  by 
  this 
  system, 
  one 
  exception 
  

   being 
  a 
  fundo 
  cultivated 
  by 
  the 
  owner 
  personally. 
  In 
  the 
  families 
  

   of 
  the 
  farm 
  workers, 
  or 
  yanaconas, 
  the 
  children 
  and 
  young 
  people 
  are 
  

   servants 
  (pongos) 
  in 
  the 
  houses 
  of 
  the 
  owners 
  for 
  periods 
  of 
  a 
  week 
  or 
  

   fortnight 
  at 
  a 
  time, 
  and 
  receive 
  only 
  their 
  food 
  or 
  occasionally 
  a 
  

  

  