﻿502 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  ena 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  assure 
  economic 
  security. 
  Most 
  public 
  and 
  private 
  

   ceremonials 
  are 
  designed 
  to 
  produce 
  general 
  prosperity, 
  better 
  crops, 
  

   larger 
  flocks, 
  or 
  more 
  fish. 
  Economic 
  gain 
  underlies 
  most 
  cases 
  of 
  

   witchcraft, 
  the 
  chief 
  medium 
  through 
  which 
  aggression 
  is 
  expressed. 
  

   The 
  lazy 
  man 
  is 
  condemned, 
  the 
  good 
  provider 
  extolled 
  as 
  a 
  model 
  

   of 
  virtue. 
  The 
  wedding 
  ceremonial 
  emphasizes 
  the 
  separation 
  of 
  the 
  

   bride 
  from 
  her 
  people, 
  while 
  the 
  funeral 
  of 
  an 
  adult 
  dramatizes 
  the 
  

   loss 
  of 
  a 
  useful 
  member 
  of 
  the 
  extended 
  family. 
  

  

  DISTRIBUTION 
  AND 
  HABITAT 
  

  

  The 
  Aymara 
  at 
  the 
  present 
  time 
  inhabit 
  a 
  large 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  

   Titicaca 
  Basin 
  in 
  the 
  modern 
  Kepublics 
  of 
  Peru 
  and 
  Bolivia 
  (map 
  1, 
  

   No, 
  5)} 
  Although 
  remnants 
  of 
  the 
  Uru 
  and 
  the 
  related 
  Chipaya 
  sur- 
  

   vive 
  in 
  isolated 
  localities 
  (see 
  pp. 
  575-577) 
  and, 
  although 
  the 
  Quechua 
  

   have 
  made 
  considerable 
  inroads 
  both 
  in 
  Inca 
  times 
  and 
  afterward, 
  

   this 
  region 
  is 
  still 
  the 
  stronghold 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara-speaking 
  people. 
  

  

  The 
  territory 
  inhabited 
  by 
  the 
  Aymara 
  is 
  sharply 
  delimited 
  in 
  three 
  

   directions 
  by 
  natural 
  barriers. 
  To 
  the 
  west 
  lies 
  the 
  Maritime 
  Cor- 
  

   dillera, 
  the 
  Coast 
  range 
  of 
  the 
  Andes, 
  while 
  to 
  the 
  east 
  extend 
  the 
  

   magnificent 
  snow-capped 
  peaks 
  of 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  Real 
  with 
  the 
  jungle 
  

   of 
  the 
  Amazon 
  Basin 
  beyond. 
  Between 
  these 
  two 
  mountain 
  ranges 
  

   lie 
  the 
  vast, 
  windy 
  Pampas 
  of 
  the 
  altiplano 
  at 
  an 
  altitude 
  of 
  upward 
  

   from 
  12,500 
  feet 
  (3,812.5 
  m.) 
  above 
  sea 
  level. 
  Here 
  the 
  rivers 
  drain 
  

   first 
  into 
  Lake 
  Titicaca, 
  then 
  into 
  Rio 
  Desaguadero, 
  and, 
  finally, 
  into 
  

   Lake 
  Poop6, 
  where 
  their 
  waters 
  are 
  eventually 
  lost 
  in 
  the 
  salt 
  swamps 
  

   of 
  Uyuni. 
  These 
  swamps, 
  which 
  merge 
  into 
  the 
  desert 
  of 
  north- 
  

   western 
  Argentina, 
  form 
  the 
  permanent 
  southern 
  boundary 
  of 
  the 
  

   Aymara. 
  Since 
  to 
  the 
  west 
  easy 
  access 
  to 
  the 
  Coast 
  is 
  afforded 
  by 
  

   a 
  series 
  of 
  sloping 
  Pampas 
  and 
  valleys, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  surprising 
  that 
  popu- 
  

   lation 
  has 
  shifted 
  most 
  in 
  this 
  direction. 
  

  

  The 
  vegetation 
  of 
  the 
  altiplano 
  consists 
  chiefly 
  of 
  coarse 
  grass, 
  

   which 
  affords 
  pasturage 
  to 
  large 
  flocks 
  of 
  llamas 
  and 
  alpacas, 
  trees 
  

   being 
  rare. 
  The 
  more 
  sheltered 
  valleys 
  around 
  the 
  northern 
  and 
  

  

  > 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  data 
  presented 
  here 
  which 
  relate 
  to 
  the 
  modern 
  Indians 
  are 
  selected 
  and 
  condensed 
  from 
  

   the 
  writer's 
  unpublished 
  field 
  notes 
  on 
  the 
  Aymara 
  of 
  Chucuito, 
  a 
  small 
  community 
  in 
  the 
  Department 
  

   of 
  Puno 
  in 
  southern 
  Peru. 
  This 
  research 
  was 
  financed 
  by 
  grants 
  from 
  the 
  Peabody 
  Museum 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  

   Division 
  of 
  Anthropology 
  of 
  Harvard 
  University. 
  Since 
  Chucuito 
  is 
  located 
  in 
  the 
  area 
  occupied 
  at 
  the 
  

   time 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest 
  by 
  the 
  Lupaca 
  subtribe, 
  such 
  phonemic 
  recordings 
  as 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  follow- 
  

   ing 
  pages 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  understood 
  as 
  belonging 
  to 
  the 
  Lupaca 
  dialect 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara 
  language. 
  These 
  are 
  

   given 
  in 
  small 
  capital 
  letters. 
  Unless 
  otherwise 
  specified, 
  the 
  culture 
  described 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  summary 
  

   is 
  that 
  which 
  prevailed 
  during 
  the 
  last 
  decade 
  of 
  the 
  19th 
  century; 
  in 
  general, 
  with 
  minor 
  modifications 
  

   in 
  dress 
  and 
  material 
  culture, 
  it 
  applies 
  to 
  the 
  present-day 
  situation. 
  

  

  I 
  wish 
  to 
  thank 
  Dr. 
  Weston 
  La 
  Barre, 
  who 
  kindly 
  made 
  available 
  to 
  me 
  his 
  unpublished 
  manuscript 
  

   which 
  deals 
  particularly 
  with 
  the 
  ethnology 
  of 
  the 
  Bolivian 
  Aymara. 
  

  

  Unless 
  diacritically 
  marked, 
  all 
  consonants 
  and 
  vowels 
  in 
  phonetic 
  transcriptions 
  of 
  native 
  names 
  have 
  

   their 
  Spanish 
  values. 
  In 
  addition, 
  q 
  has 
  the 
  sound 
  of 
  a 
  velar 
  k; 
  z, 
  a 
  back, 
  roughly 
  aspirated 
  ft; 
  ft 
  and 
  A 
  are 
  

   pronounced 
  as 
  in 
  English; 
  p' 
  t 
  V, 
  ft', 
  and 
  q', 
  are 
  aspirated; 
  q', 
  p\ 
  V, 
  and 
  ft', 
  globalized; 
  £ 
  is 
  equal 
  to 
  the 
  

   Spanish 
  eft; 
  £«, 
  aspirated 
  eft; 
  £', 
  glottalized 
  eft; 
  and 
  I, 
  Spanish 
  8. 
  

  

  