﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  503 
  

  

  southwestern 
  shores 
  of 
  Lake 
  Titicaca 
  are 
  more 
  favorable 
  to 
  agricul- 
  

   ture 
  and 
  are 
  heavily 
  populated. 
  Mammalian 
  fauna 
  of 
  the 
  Titicaca 
  

   Basin 
  is 
  meager 
  and 
  is 
  composed 
  mainly 
  of 
  rodents, 
  foxes, 
  a 
  few 
  deer, 
  

   pumas, 
  spotted 
  cats, 
  and 
  two 
  undomesticated 
  species 
  of 
  the 
  family 
  of 
  

   American 
  camels, 
  the 
  vicuna 
  and 
  the 
  guanaco. 
  Bird 
  life, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  

   hand, 
  is 
  extremely 
  abundant 
  and 
  varied. 
  

  

  The 
  year 
  has 
  two 
  seasons, 
  a 
  rainy 
  season 
  which 
  lasts 
  from 
  October 
  

   through 
  April 
  and 
  corresponds 
  to 
  summer, 
  and 
  a 
  dry 
  season 
  from 
  May 
  

   through 
  September. 
  During 
  winter, 
  the 
  temperature 
  frequently 
  falls 
  

   below 
  freezing 
  at 
  night. 
  Snowfall 
  is 
  slight, 
  except 
  in 
  the 
  high 
  moun- 
  

   tains, 
  and 
  is 
  confined 
  almost 
  exclusively 
  to 
  the 
  rainy 
  season. 
  

  

  Cieza 
  states 
  that 
  the 
  Collao 
  was 
  the 
  largest 
  and 
  most 
  populous 
  prov- 
  

   ince 
  in 
  the 
  Viceroyalty 
  of 
  Peru. 
  2 
  Before 
  their 
  conquest 
  by 
  the 
  Inca, 
  

   the 
  Aymara 
  were 
  organized 
  in 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  independent 
  states 
  which 
  

   probably 
  were 
  also 
  dialect 
  groups. 
  These 
  former 
  states 
  or 
  subtribes 
  

   may 
  be 
  located 
  geographically 
  with 
  some 
  accuracy 
  (see 
  map 
  4): 
  3 
  

   Canchi, 
  in 
  the 
  Vilcanota 
  Valley, 
  between 
  Combapata 
  and 
  Tinta 
  (De- 
  

   partment 
  of 
  Cuzco, 
  Peru) 
  ; 
  Cana, 
  between 
  Tinta 
  and 
  Ayaviri 
  (Depart- 
  

   ments 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  and 
  Puno, 
  Peru) 
  ; 
  Colla, 
  on 
  the 
  plains 
  of 
  the 
  Pucara 
  and 
  

   Ramis 
  Rivers, 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  Puno 
  (Department 
  of 
  Puno, 
  Peru) 
  ; 
  Lupaca, 
  on 
  

   the 
  southwest 
  shore 
  of 
  Lake 
  Titicaca, 
  between 
  Puno 
  and 
  Rio 
  Desa- 
  

   guadero 
  (Department 
  of 
  Puno, 
  Peru) 
  ; 
  Collagua, 
  north 
  of 
  Arequipa, 
  

   on 
  the 
  upper 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  Colca 
  River 
  (Department 
  of 
  Arequipa, 
  

   Peru) 
  ; 
  Ubina, 
  east 
  of 
  Arequipa, 
  in 
  the 
  upper 
  drainage 
  of 
  the 
  Tambo 
  

   River 
  (Department 
  of 
  Moquegua, 
  Peru); 
  Pacasa, 
  or 
  Pacaje, 
  south 
  

   of 
  Lake 
  Titicaca, 
  along 
  both 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  Rio 
  Desaguadero 
  (Bolivia) 
  ; 
  

   Caranga, 
  or 
  Caranca, 
  south 
  of 
  Rio 
  Desaguadero 
  to 
  Lake 
  Coipasa 
  

   (Bolivia) 
  ; 
  Charca, 
  northeast 
  of 
  Lake 
  Poopd, 
  in 
  the 
  neighborhood 
  of 
  

   Chuquisaca 
  (Bolivia) 
  ; 
  Quillaca 
  or 
  Quillagua, 
  southeast 
  of 
  Lake 
  Poop6 
  

   (Bolivia) 
  ; 
  Omasuyo, 
  east 
  of 
  Lake 
  Titicaca 
  (Bolivia) 
  ; 
  and 
  Collahuaya, 
  

   in 
  the 
  provinces 
  of 
  Mufiecas 
  and 
  Caupolican, 
  Bolivia. 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  little 
  doubt 
  that 
  in 
  pre-Inca 
  times, 
  and 
  probably 
  until 
  

   well 
  into 
  the 
  Colonial 
  Period, 
  Aymara 
  was 
  more 
  widely 
  spoken 
  than 
  

  

  > 
  The 
  name 
  "Colla-suyu" 
  was 
  employed 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  to 
  designate 
  the 
  southern 
  province 
  of 
  their 
  great 
  

   empire; 
  "Collao" 
  is 
  probably 
  a 
  Spanish 
  corruption 
  of 
  the 
  word 
  "Colla." 
  This 
  latter 
  term 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  

   been 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  first 
  to 
  designate 
  the 
  Aymara 
  state 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  name 
  which 
  bad 
  its 
  capital 
  at 
  Hatun- 
  

   colla; 
  later, 
  by 
  extension, 
  the 
  term 
  came 
  to 
  be 
  used 
  for 
  the 
  Aymara 
  in 
  general. 
  Cieza 
  de 
  Leon 
  (1922, 
  ch. 
  109), 
  

   whose 
  "Cronica" 
  was 
  written 
  about 
  1550, 
  uses 
  the 
  terms 
  "Colla" 
  and 
  "Collao" 
  indiscriminately. 
  The 
  

   Aymara 
  probably 
  referred 
  to 
  themselves 
  as 
  "human 
  beings" 
  (haqe); 
  they 
  call 
  their 
  language 
  "human 
  

   speech" 
  (haqe 
  abu). 
  The 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  term 
  Aymara, 
  which 
  today 
  designates 
  the 
  language 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  

   the 
  ethnic-cultural 
  group, 
  is 
  obscure. 
  Apparently, 
  it 
  was 
  not 
  employed 
  during 
  the 
  early 
  years 
  of 
  the 
  Span- 
  

   ish 
  Conquest, 
  and 
  first 
  appears 
  as 
  a 
  linguistic 
  term 
  in 
  a 
  relation 
  of 
  Polo 
  de 
  Ondegardo 
  (1916 
  a, 
  chs. 
  7-8) 
  of 
  

   1559. 
  

  

  » 
  Important 
  sources 
  consulted 
  on 
  the 
  former 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara-speaking 
  people 
  include: 
  Cieza 
  

   de 
  Leon, 
  1924, 
  pt. 
  1, 
  chs. 
  98-106, 
  and 
  1880, 
  pt. 
  2 
  Bertonio, 
  1879 
  a, 
  Arte 
  y 
  Grammatica, 
  p. 
  10; 
  Vocabulario, 
  

   Preface; 
  Rivet, 
  1924 
  b, 
  in 
  Meillet 
  et 
  Cohen, 
  vol. 
  16, 
  pp. 
  651-53; 
  Markham, 
  1871; 
  and 
  Relaciones 
  Geograficas 
  

   de 
  Indias, 
  1881-97. 
  The 
  map 
  which 
  illustrates 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  Aymara 
  subtribes 
  (map 
  4) 
  is 
  

   obviously 
  but 
  an 
  approximation 
  to 
  the 
  reality, 
  since 
  the 
  data 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  map 
  is 
  based 
  are 
  not 
  strictly 
  

   contemporaneous. 
  

  

  