﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  507 
  

  

  by 
  stone 
  circles 
  of 
  varying 
  dimensions 
  occur 
  at 
  many 
  sites 
  with 
  and 
  

   without 
  chullpas 
  and 
  contain 
  as 
  many 
  as 
  30 
  individuals 
  with 
  a 
  few 
  

   funeral 
  vessels 
  and 
  occasional 
  stone 
  bowJs. 
  The 
  pottery 
  is 
  quite 
  

   distinct 
  from 
  that 
  found 
  in 
  and 
  around 
  chullpas 
  but 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  satis- 
  

   factorily 
  placed 
  chronologically. 
  

  

  Underground, 
  beehive-shaped 
  cists 
  lined 
  with 
  large 
  rough 
  stones 
  

   have 
  also 
  been 
  noted. 
  They 
  contain 
  fewer 
  burials 
  than 
  the 
  last. 
  

   Grave 
  offerings 
  comprise 
  pottery 
  and 
  some 
  metal. 
  Those 
  opened 
  near 
  

   Chucuito 
  contain 
  Inca 
  vessels 
  of 
  the 
  Cuzco 
  style 
  and 
  contemporary 
  

   local 
  wares 
  (Tschopik, 
  M. 
  H., 
  Some 
  Notes, 
  n. 
  d.) 
  . 
  It 
  appears 
  that 
  this 
  

   type 
  of 
  burial 
  was 
  not 
  used 
  until 
  after 
  the 
  Inca 
  conquered 
  the 
  Aymara. 
  

  

  Hilltop 
  fortresses 
  are 
  also 
  common 
  in 
  the 
  Titicaca 
  Basin, 
  and 
  are 
  

   often 
  associated 
  with 
  chullpas 
  as 
  at 
  Pucara, 
  Chejnarapi 
  (northeast 
  

   of 
  Orurillo, 
  Peru), 
  Pirapi 
  in 
  Bolivia 
  (Posnansky, 
  1938, 
  fig. 
  3), 
  and 
  

   elsewhere. 
  

  

  Towns 
  located 
  on 
  hilltops 
  probably 
  belonged 
  to 
  a 
  -pre-Inca 
  Period, 
  

   although 
  their 
  pottery 
  is 
  insufficiently 
  known 
  to 
  aid 
  dating. 
  Hilltop 
  

   towns 
  are 
  known 
  at 
  Paro 
  Paro, 
  Mercaymarca 
  (Moho, 
  Peru), 
  and 
  Siani 
  

   (near 
  Conima, 
  Peru) 
  ; 
  others 
  exist 
  in 
  Bolivia. 
  

  

  After 
  the 
  Inca 
  Emperor 
  Pachacuti 
  had 
  subdued 
  the 
  more 
  southern 
  

   Aymara, 
  the 
  latter 
  erected 
  various 
  structures 
  under 
  Inca 
  supervision, 
  

   the 
  most 
  famous 
  being 
  the 
  buildings 
  on 
  the 
  Islands 
  of 
  the 
  Sun 
  and 
  

   Moon. 
  At 
  Carpa, 
  on 
  the 
  northeastern 
  shore 
  of 
  Lake 
  Titicaca, 
  are 
  

   other 
  Inca 
  structures 
  (Squier, 
  1877, 
  p. 
  393, 
  "Acarpa"). 
  Tambos, 
  or 
  

   rest 
  houses, 
  built 
  include 
  the 
  one 
  at 
  La 
  Raya 
  (Squier, 
  1877, 
  p. 
  401), 
  

   and 
  others 
  mentioned 
  by 
  Cieza 
  in 
  what 
  is 
  now 
  Bolivia. 
  In 
  Chucuito, 
  

   recent 
  excavations 
  have 
  uncovered 
  Inca 
  Uyu, 
  which 
  was 
  probably 
  an 
  

   Inca 
  temple 
  or 
  temple 
  enclosure. 
  Additional 
  buildings 
  constructed 
  

   during 
  the 
  Inca 
  Period 
  exist 
  throughout 
  the 
  Titicaca 
  Basin. 
  

  

  To 
  sum 
  up, 
  Titicaca 
  Basin 
  archeology 
  is 
  still 
  in 
  an 
  incipient 
  state. 
  

   Among 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  problems 
  confronting 
  the 
  archeologist 
  are 
  

   the 
  following: 
  The 
  characteristics 
  of 
  the 
  period 
  immediately 
  following 
  

   Decadent 
  Tiahuanaco 
  culture; 
  the 
  identification 
  and 
  description 
  of 
  

   local 
  pottery 
  styles 
  of 
  the 
  Titicaca 
  Basin 
  and 
  their 
  chronological 
  

   relationships; 
  and 
  the 
  ethnic 
  identification 
  of 
  the 
  builders 
  of 
  these 
  

   local 
  cultures. 
  

  

  DOCUMENTED 
  HISTORY 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  conquest 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara. 
  — 
  Prior 
  to 
  domination 
  by 
  the 
  

   Inca, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  were 
  divided 
  into 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  independent, 
  warring 
  

   states, 
  the 
  most 
  powerful 
  of 
  which 
  were 
  the 
  Colla, 
  with 
  their 
  capital 
  

   at 
  Hatuncolla, 
  and 
  the 
  Lupaca, 
  with 
  their 
  chief 
  city 
  Chucuito. 
  6 
  

  

  6 
  1 
  am 
  indebted 
  to 
  Mr. 
  John 
  H. 
  Rowe 
  for 
  making 
  available 
  to 
  me 
  his 
  careful 
  study 
  entitled 
  "The 
  Inca 
  

   Conquest 
  of 
  the 
  Collao." 
  This 
  manuscript 
  is 
  on 
  file 
  in 
  the 
  Peabody 
  Museum 
  of 
  Harvard 
  University. 
  In 
  

   his 
  analysis, 
  Mr. 
  Rowe 
  has 
  relied 
  chiefly 
  upon 
  Cieza 
  de 
  Leon, 
  1880, 
  1924; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-93, 
  vols. 
  1-4; 
  Sarmiento 
  

   de 
  Qamboa, 
  1906; 
  and 
  Cabello 
  de 
  Balboa, 
  unpublished 
  manuscript 
  dated 
  1586 
  in 
  the 
  New 
  York 
  Public 
  

   Library. 
  

  

  