﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  511 
  

  

  communal 
  ownership 
  of 
  land 
  by 
  ayllus 
  was 
  abolished 
  in 
  early 
  Colonial 
  

   days 
  by 
  Toledo. 
  [Republican 
  legislation, 
  especially 
  in 
  Bolivia, 
  has 
  

   also 
  formally 
  abolished 
  ayllu 
  land 
  ownership 
  (La 
  Barre, 
  ms.). 
  The 
  

   result 
  is 
  that 
  individual 
  land 
  ownership 
  and 
  new 
  concepts 
  of 
  inheri- 
  

   tance, 
  especially 
  affecting 
  land 
  owned 
  by 
  women, 
  has 
  tended 
  to 
  break 
  

   down 
  both 
  ayllu 
  organization 
  and 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  patrilineal 
  extended 
  

   family. 
  Individual 
  competition 
  is 
  beginning 
  to 
  replace 
  the 
  former 
  

   cooperation 
  along 
  extended 
  family 
  lines. 
  The 
  Colonial 
  encomiendas 
  

   have 
  disappeared, 
  but 
  a 
  use 
  of 
  land 
  for 
  agriculture 
  and 
  stock 
  breeding 
  

   has 
  fostered 
  the 
  rise 
  of 
  many 
  haciendas. 
  

  

  Increased 
  trade 
  and 
  better 
  transportation 
  facilities 
  since 
  about 
  1850 
  

   have 
  leveled 
  local 
  Aymara 
  culture 
  differences, 
  particularly 
  home 
  

   industries. 
  Cheap 
  imported 
  textiles, 
  dyes, 
  and 
  utensils 
  have 
  greatly 
  

   changed 
  the 
  outward 
  appearance 
  of 
  Aymara 
  life 
  in 
  recent 
  times. 
  

  

  Acculturation. 
  — 
  On 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  their 
  history, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  appear 
  

   to 
  have 
  passed 
  through 
  at 
  least 
  three 
  periods 
  of 
  acculturation. 
  The 
  

   following 
  highly 
  tentative 
  outline 
  attempts 
  to 
  summarize 
  the 
  probable 
  

   changes 
  in 
  Aymara 
  culture 
  during 
  these 
  periods. 
  

  

  (1) 
  1430-1540: 
  During 
  the 
  era 
  of 
  Inca 
  influence, 
  Aymara 
  culture 
  

   was 
  considerably 
  enriched. 
  The 
  introduction 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  aristoc- 
  

   racy 
  increased 
  the 
  social 
  and 
  political 
  complexity, 
  although 
  in 
  general 
  

   local 
  dynasties 
  remained. 
  New 
  trends 
  in 
  religion 
  and 
  new 
  temple 
  

   cults, 
  particularly 
  that 
  of 
  Viracocha, 
  were 
  introduced; 
  ritual 
  and 
  

   mythology 
  were 
  enriched. 
  Under 
  the 
  Inca, 
  foods 
  were 
  available 
  in 
  

   greater 
  variety 
  and 
  foods 
  of 
  "foreign" 
  origin 
  in 
  greater 
  quantity. 
  

   New 
  art 
  styles, 
  especially 
  in 
  ceramics 
  and 
  metallurgy, 
  were 
  introduced. 
  

  

  (2) 
  1540-1780: 
  The 
  Spaniards 
  enriched 
  Aymara 
  culture 
  in 
  mate- 
  

   rial 
  goods 
  and 
  greatly 
  modified 
  religious 
  practices. 
  They 
  introduced 
  

   new 
  domesticated 
  animals, 
  cultivated 
  plants, 
  plow 
  agriculture, 
  a 
  new 
  

   type 
  of 
  loom, 
  glazed 
  pottery, 
  and 
  iron 
  tools. 
  Dress 
  styles 
  were 
  mod- 
  

   ified 
  along 
  Spanish 
  lines; 
  head 
  deformation 
  was 
  abandoned. 
  

  

  Whereas 
  the 
  high 
  officials 
  of 
  the 
  political 
  hierarchy 
  were 
  replaced 
  

   by 
  Spaniards, 
  the 
  native 
  officers 
  who 
  governed 
  the 
  lives 
  of 
  the 
  majority 
  

   of 
  the 
  Aymara 
  remained. 
  Consequently, 
  the 
  earlier 
  Aymara 
  states 
  

   tended 
  to 
  give 
  way 
  to 
  new 
  political 
  units 
  formed 
  aroimd 
  the 
  towns, 
  

   which 
  were 
  the 
  centers 
  of 
  administration. 
  Formal 
  organized 
  warfare 
  

   disappeared 
  early 
  in 
  Colonial 
  times. 
  The 
  abolition 
  of 
  ayllu 
  lands 
  

   was 
  not 
  taken 
  seriously 
  in 
  most 
  regions, 
  and 
  social 
  organization 
  

   remained 
  essentially 
  intact. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  realm 
  of 
  religion, 
  the 
  temple 
  cults, 
  priesthood, 
  and 
  all 
  exo- 
  

   teric 
  manifestations 
  of 
  the 
  religion, 
  including 
  dances 
  and 
  the 
  formal 
  

   mythology, 
  disappeared. 
  The 
  more 
  "personal" 
  or 
  esoteric 
  aspects 
  of 
  

   the 
  old 
  religion, 
  however, 
  continued. 
  Interment 
  of 
  the 
  dead 
  in 
  church 
  

   cemeteries 
  replaced 
  burial 
  in 
  chuUpas. 
  Beliefs 
  about 
  the 
  afterworld 
  

   became 
  Christianized. 
  

  

  595682—46 
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