﻿512 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  (3) 
  1780-present: 
  Family 
  life 
  was 
  greatly 
  disorganized 
  and 
  change 
  

   in 
  social 
  organization 
  was 
  begun 
  by 
  the 
  series 
  of 
  rebellions 
  which 
  ter- 
  

   minated 
  in 
  independence. 
  Ayllu 
  and 
  extended 
  family 
  organization, 
  

   including 
  kinship 
  terminology 
  and 
  behavior 
  patterns, 
  began 
  to 
  be 
  

   modified. 
  European 
  articles 
  introduced 
  in 
  quantity 
  have 
  brought 
  

   about 
  recent 
  changes 
  in 
  material 
  culture. 
  This, 
  together 
  with 
  the 
  

   disorganization 
  of 
  social 
  life, 
  has 
  tended 
  to 
  eliminate 
  interest 
  in 
  the 
  

   old 
  art 
  styles 
  and 
  in 
  craftsmanship. 
  Painted 
  pottery, 
  vegetable 
  

   dyes, 
  metallurgy, 
  and 
  the 
  art 
  of 
  stone 
  cutting 
  have 
  disappeared 
  in 
  

   many 
  places 
  in 
  recent 
  times. 
  

  

  SOURCES 
  

  

  As 
  compared 
  with 
  the 
  vast 
  bibliography 
  relating 
  to 
  the 
  Quechua, 
  

   important 
  literature 
  dealing 
  with 
  the 
  Aymara 
  is 
  surprisingly 
  meager. 
  

   The 
  most 
  important 
  16th-century 
  account 
  concerning 
  the 
  Aymara 
  is 
  

   that 
  of 
  Cieza 
  de 
  Le6n 
  (1880, 
  1924). 
  Cieza 
  traversed 
  the 
  Collao 
  and 
  

   is 
  an 
  important 
  eye-witness 
  for 
  this 
  early 
  period. 
  The 
  anonymous 
  

   author 
  of 
  the 
  "Sitio 
  del 
  Cuzco" 
  (1934) 
  and 
  Crist6bal 
  de 
  Molina 
  of 
  San- 
  

   tiago 
  (1916) 
  are 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  sources 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest. 
  

   The 
  Relations 
  of 
  Mercado 
  de 
  Peiialosa 
  (Pacaje) 
  and 
  Ulloa 
  Mogoll6n 
  

   (Collagua), 
  published 
  in 
  the 
  "Relaciones 
  geograficas 
  de 
  Indias" 
  

   (1881-97), 
  and 
  Martin 
  de 
  Mortia's 
  History 
  (1922-25) 
  contain 
  useful 
  

   ethnographical 
  material. 
  For 
  the 
  17th 
  century 
  we 
  have 
  the 
  excellent 
  

   first-hand 
  accounts 
  of 
  the 
  Jesuit 
  fathers, 
  Bertonio 
  (1879 
  a) 
  and 
  Cobo 
  

   (1890-95), 
  both 
  of 
  whom 
  resided 
  for 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  years 
  among 
  the 
  

   Lupaca, 
  and 
  data 
  which 
  Garcilaso 
  de 
  la 
  Vega 
  gathered 
  (1723) 
  from 
  

   informants 
  in 
  Cuzco. 
  For 
  the 
  18th 
  century, 
  possibly 
  owing 
  to 
  wide- 
  

   spread 
  unrest 
  which 
  marked 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  Viceroyalty, 
  little 
  material 
  

   on 
  the 
  Aymara 
  is 
  available, 
  although 
  Lewin 
  (1943) 
  contains 
  scat- 
  

   tered 
  references. 
  For 
  the 
  late 
  19th 
  century, 
  Forbes 
  (1870) 
  and 
  

   Bandelier 
  (1910; 
  also 
  see 
  ms.) 
  left 
  important 
  records. 
  Since 
  1900 
  

   many 
  travelers 
  and 
  students 
  have 
  written 
  about 
  the 
  Aymara, 
  the 
  

   more 
  important 
  being 
  those 
  of 
  La 
  Barre 
  (ms.), 
  Paredes 
  (1936), 
  

   MStraux 
  (1934 
  a), 
  Cuentas 
  (1929), 
  Romero 
  (1928), 
  McBride 
  (1921), 
  

   and 
  Rouma 
  (1913, 
  1933). 
  

  

  CULTURE 
  

  

  SUBSISTENCE 
  ACTIVITIES 
  

  

  Farming. 
  — 
  The 
  Aymara 
  divide 
  the 
  year 
  into 
  two 
  vaguely 
  defined 
  

   seasons. 
  The 
  rainy 
  season, 
  roughly 
  from 
  October 
  through 
  April, 
  is 
  

   called 
  "green 
  time" 
  or 
  "rainy 
  time"; 
  the 
  dry 
  season, 
  from 
  May 
  

   through 
  September, 
  is 
  called 
  "dry 
  time" 
  or 
  "ice 
  time." 
  In 
  Bolivia, 
  

   La 
  Barre 
  found 
  four 
  seasons 
  designated 
  by 
  similar 
  descriptive 
  names 
  

   (La 
  Barre, 
  ms.). 
  According 
  to 
  a 
  second 
  system, 
  the 
  year 
  has 
  five 
  

   seasons, 
  each 
  named 
  according 
  to 
  its 
  agricultural 
  activity. 
  

  

  