﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  515 
  

  

  with 
  potatoes 
  and 
  next 
  with 
  quinoa 
  or 
  barley. 
  Then 
  the 
  field 
  is 
  

   allowed 
  to 
  lie 
  fallow 
  for 
  3 
  years. 
  On 
  the 
  high 
  pampa, 
  a 
  field 
  is 
  

   planted 
  first 
  with 
  "bitter" 
  potatoes, 
  next 
  with 
  kaStawa, 
  and 
  then 
  not 
  

   planted 
  again 
  for 
  some 
  10 
  years. 
  In 
  some 
  areas 
  (Ichu, 
  Have, 
  Acora) 
  

   where 
  the 
  soil 
  is 
  relatively 
  poor, 
  an 
  elaborate 
  system 
  of 
  crop 
  rotation 
  

   has 
  been 
  evolved. 
  The 
  land 
  of 
  an 
  ayllu 
  or 
  of 
  several 
  contiguous 
  

   ayllus 
  is 
  divided 
  into 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  tracts 
  (ainoqa 
  — 
  see 
  Social 
  Organi- 
  

   zation, 
  p. 
  540). 
  Each 
  family 
  owns 
  (or 
  in 
  Bolivia 
  receives 
  the 
  use 
  of) 
  

   a 
  plot 
  of 
  land 
  in 
  each 
  tract 
  and 
  each 
  year 
  plants 
  all 
  of 
  it 
  with 
  the 
  same 
  

   crop 
  or 
  allows 
  it 
  to 
  lie 
  fallow. 
  The 
  ayllu 
  headman 
  (hilaqata) 
  

   supervises 
  this 
  system 
  of 
  crop 
  rotation 
  and 
  fallowing, 
  and 
  receives 
  a 
  

   share 
  of 
  the 
  crops 
  as 
  compensation. 
  The 
  tracts 
  which 
  are 
  not 
  planted 
  

   are 
  used 
  as 
  communal 
  grazing 
  land. 
  

  

  Only 
  a 
  small 
  percentage 
  of 
  Aymara 
  cultivated 
  land 
  is 
  irrigated. 
  

   Irrigation 
  ditches 
  are 
  dug 
  under 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  the 
  ayllu 
  headman. 
  

   Usually 
  they 
  are 
  small 
  and 
  poorly 
  made 
  and 
  must 
  be 
  re-dug 
  from 
  the 
  

   water 
  source 
  each 
  year. 
  A 
  form 
  of 
  subsoil 
  irrigation 
  is 
  practiced 
  

   sporadically; 
  water 
  is 
  allowed 
  to 
  soak 
  through 
  the 
  topsoil 
  to 
  an 
  im- 
  

   pervious 
  layer 
  of 
  rock, 
  whence 
  it 
  travels 
  down 
  the 
  slope 
  and 
  is 
  tapped 
  

   below 
  where 
  needed. 
  Water 
  rights 
  are 
  perpetual; 
  fields 
  which 
  have 
  

   been 
  irrigated 
  since 
  before 
  the 
  memory 
  of 
  living 
  man 
  have 
  this 
  right 
  

   forever. 
  A 
  man 
  must 
  ask 
  permission 
  to 
  draw 
  water 
  across 
  another 
  

   man's 
  land 
  for 
  irrigation 
  purposes, 
  but 
  is 
  never 
  refused. 
  Only 
  small 
  

   springs 
  may 
  be 
  owned 
  individually; 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  ones 
  are 
  

   ayllu 
  property. 
  Neither 
  flood-plain 
  irrigation, 
  damming 
  of 
  arroyos, 
  

   nor 
  hand 
  watering 
  of 
  fields 
  is 
  practiced. 
  

  

  Terraced 
  agriculture 
  is 
  sporadic 
  throughout 
  Aymara 
  territory 
  and 
  

   depends 
  upon 
  topography; 
  few 
  terraces 
  are 
  irrigated. 
  Terraces 
  are 
  

   generally 
  small, 
  irregular, 
  poorly 
  made, 
  and 
  faced 
  with 
  dry-stone 
  

   masonry 
  walls; 
  usually, 
  they 
  are 
  constructed 
  and 
  owned 
  by 
  individuals. 
  

   In 
  some 
  regions 
  prehistoric 
  terraces 
  are 
  utilized. 
  

  

  The 
  boundaries 
  between 
  fields 
  are 
  marked 
  by 
  stone 
  walls, 
  sod- 
  

   block 
  walls, 
  or 
  by 
  piles 
  of 
  stones. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  agricultural 
  implements 
  are 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  Aymara: 
  

   (1) 
  Digging 
  stick 
  with 
  handle 
  and 
  footrest 
  {fig. 
  44, 
  d), 
  now 
  with 
  an 
  

   iron 
  point, 
  but 
  formerly 
  with 
  a 
  tip 
  of 
  fire-hardened 
  chonta 
  wood 
  or 
  

   possibly 
  of 
  bronze; 
  (2) 
  clod 
  crusher 
  with 
  roughly 
  chipped 
  stone 
  

   head 
  bound 
  to 
  the 
  shaft 
  (fig. 
  44, 
  c) 
  or 
  with 
  the 
  shaft 
  inserted 
  through 
  

   the 
  hole 
  of 
  a 
  ground, 
  doughnut-shaped 
  stone 
  head; 
  (3) 
  adz-hoe 
  

   made 
  of 
  a 
  flat 
  iron 
  blade 
  bound 
  to 
  a 
  forked-stick 
  shaft 
  (fig. 
  44, 
  a); 
  

   (4) 
  threshing 
  stick 
  which 
  consists 
  of 
  a 
  curved 
  pole, 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  which 
  

   is 
  cross-lashed 
  with 
  rawhide 
  (fig. 
  44, 
  6); 
  (5) 
  simple 
  wooden 
  plow 
  

   with 
  iron 
  share, 
  used 
  with 
  yoke 
  of 
  oxen; 
  (6) 
  hoe 
  with 
  a 
  llama- 
  

   scapula 
  blade 
  (Bolivia) 
  ; 
  (7) 
  sickle 
  for 
  cutting 
  barley 
  made 
  with 
  an 
  

   iron 
  blade 
  lashed 
  into 
  a 
  cleft 
  stick. 
  

  

  