﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  517 
  

  

  Both 
  men 
  and 
  women 
  perform 
  agricultural 
  tasks. 
  Men 
  dig 
  with 
  

   a 
  stick, 
  plow, 
  spread 
  fertilizer, 
  thresh, 
  and 
  do 
  the 
  initial 
  winnowing. 
  

   Women 
  plant. 
  Both 
  sexes 
  crush 
  clods, 
  weed 
  and 
  bank 
  potatoes, 
  and 
  

   harvest 
  (pi. 
  102, 
  top). 
  Class 
  distinction 
  does 
  not 
  enter 
  into 
  agricul- 
  

   ture; 
  no 
  one 
  is 
  too 
  proud 
  to 
  farm. 
  

  

  In 
  clearing 
  a 
  new 
  field, 
  the 
  weeds 
  are 
  cut, 
  piled, 
  and 
  burned. 
  The 
  

   stones 
  are 
  removed 
  to 
  be 
  built 
  into 
  walls 
  around 
  the 
  field 
  or 
  piled 
  in 
  

   the 
  corners. 
  After 
  the 
  last 
  rains, 
  virgin 
  soil 
  is 
  broken 
  with 
  the 
  digging 
  

   stick 
  while 
  the 
  ground 
  is 
  still 
  soft. 
  When 
  the 
  sod 
  blocks 
  are 
  dry, 
  

   they 
  are 
  broken 
  with 
  clod 
  crushers; 
  occasionally, 
  they 
  are 
  left 
  to 
  

   catch 
  and 
  hold 
  the 
  first 
  rain 
  of 
  the 
  next 
  season 
  before 
  they 
  are 
  broken. 
  

  

  After 
  the 
  first 
  rains, 
  fields 
  are 
  plowed, 
  and 
  the 
  larger 
  lumps 
  of 
  

   earth 
  broken 
  with 
  clod 
  crushers. 
  The 
  digging 
  stick 
  is 
  used 
  on 
  ter- 
  

   races 
  and 
  in 
  small 
  fields 
  where 
  a 
  plow 
  cannot 
  be 
  used. 
  

  

  Fertilizer 
  is 
  used 
  only 
  for 
  potatoes. 
  The 
  dry 
  manure 
  of 
  sheep, 
  

   cattle, 
  or 
  llamas 
  is 
  pulverized 
  and 
  scattered 
  broadcast 
  over 
  the 
  field. 
  

   Formerly, 
  guano 
  from 
  the 
  Coast 
  was 
  used. 
  In 
  some 
  regions 
  (Acora, 
  

   Peninsula 
  of 
  Chucuito), 
  where 
  temporary 
  corrals 
  of 
  poles 
  and 
  ropes 
  

   are 
  erected 
  nightly 
  for 
  livestock, 
  the 
  corral 
  is 
  moved 
  daily 
  over 
  potato 
  

   fields 
  which 
  are 
  fertilized 
  by 
  the 
  manure. 
  Ashes 
  from 
  the 
  kitchen 
  are 
  

   also 
  scattered 
  over 
  a 
  potato 
  field. 
  

  

  Grain 
  is 
  sown 
  broadcast. 
  Tubers 
  and 
  maize 
  are 
  dropped 
  in 
  groups 
  

   of 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  at 
  intervals 
  of 
  a 
  foot 
  (0.3 
  m.) 
  or 
  less 
  into 
  the 
  furrows. 
  

   Potatoes 
  and 
  other 
  tubers 
  are 
  weeded 
  and 
  banked 
  with 
  adz-hoes 
  

   twice 
  in 
  a 
  good 
  year, 
  and 
  receive 
  a 
  final 
  banking 
  2 
  months 
  before 
  

   the 
  harvest 
  (pi. 
  102, 
  bottom, 
  left). 
  Grains 
  are 
  weeded 
  by 
  hand 
  from 
  

   time 
  to 
  time, 
  and 
  the 
  weeds 
  given 
  to 
  the 
  livestock 
  for 
  fodder. 
  

  

  Small 
  watch 
  houses 
  guard 
  the 
  fields 
  from 
  birds 
  and 
  thieves 
  when 
  

   the 
  crops 
  are 
  mature 
  and 
  ready 
  to 
  harvest 
  (pi. 
  110, 
  bottom). 
  Birds 
  

   and 
  small 
  mammals 
  are 
  trapped, 
  or 
  frightened 
  away 
  with 
  sling- 
  

   stones. 
  Scarecrows 
  of 
  poles 
  and 
  old 
  clothes 
  are 
  erected 
  in 
  grain 
  

   fields 
  to 
  frighten 
  birds. 
  In 
  general, 
  however, 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  adequate 
  

   techniques 
  for 
  guarding 
  against 
  animal 
  and 
  insect 
  pests. 
  

  

  Potatoes 
  and 
  other 
  tubers 
  are 
  ready 
  to 
  dig 
  when 
  the 
  plants 
  have 
  

   begun 
  to 
  dry. 
  Dug 
  tubers 
  are 
  piled 
  in 
  the 
  field 
  in 
  various 
  cleared 
  

   spots 
  tramped 
  hard. 
  Quinoa 
  is 
  uprooted, 
  the 
  earth 
  removed, 
  and 
  the 
  

   grain 
  beaten 
  out 
  by 
  a 
  line 
  of 
  men 
  with 
  threshing 
  poles 
  on 
  a 
  square 
  in 
  

   the 
  field 
  which 
  has 
  been 
  stamped 
  hard 
  (pi. 
  103, 
  top). 
  The 
  grain 
  is 
  

   swept 
  into 
  piles 
  with 
  grass 
  brooms, 
  then 
  winnowed 
  over 
  a 
  blanket, 
  

   the 
  grain 
  being 
  held 
  in 
  the 
  fold 
  of 
  a 
  square 
  cloth 
  tied 
  over 
  the 
  right 
  

   shoulder 
  and 
  under 
  the 
  left 
  arm. 
  

  

  In 
  May, 
  seed 
  potatoes 
  and 
  other 
  tubers 
  are 
  selected 
  with 
  great 
  

   care. 
  Potatoes 
  are 
  divided 
  into 
  luk'i 
  (bitter) 
  and 
  saya 
  (white) 
  

   groups 
  but 
  are 
  not 
  separated 
  by 
  color. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  careful 
  seed 
  

   selection 
  of 
  quinoa; 
  all 
  colors 
  are 
  mixed. 
  

  

  