﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  529 
  

  

  temples 
  of 
  dressed 
  stone 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  special 
  houses 
  for 
  the 
  rulers 
  and 
  

   priests. 
  In 
  Inca 
  times, 
  many 
  contained 
  rest 
  houses 
  and 
  barracks. 
  

   Aymara 
  towns 
  were 
  neither 
  walled 
  nor 
  fortified, 
  although 
  in 
  pre- 
  

   Spanish 
  times 
  many 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  had 
  hill 
  fortresses 
  nearby 
  to 
  which 
  

   the 
  people 
  retreated 
  during 
  wars. 
  The 
  chullpas, 
  or 
  burial 
  towers, 
  

   were 
  located 
  near 
  the 
  villages, 
  usually 
  on 
  a 
  hill 
  or 
  eminence 
  above 
  

   the 
  town. 
  

  

  Houses. 
  — 
  House 
  types 
  vary 
  locally, 
  depending 
  in 
  part 
  upon 
  the 
  

   availability 
  of 
  building 
  materials. 
  Perhaps 
  the 
  most 
  characteristic 
  

   house 
  is 
  rectangular 
  with 
  a 
  gabled 
  roof 
  (pi. 
  104, 
  center), 
  or, 
  lacking 
  

   gables, 
  with 
  a 
  "hip 
  roof" 
  (pi. 
  104, 
  bottom). 
  Houses 
  located 
  at 
  the 
  

   delta 
  of 
  the 
  Rio 
  Ramis 
  (Peru) 
  are 
  squarish 
  with 
  walls 
  built 
  of 
  sod 
  

   blocks 
  and 
  a 
  corbeled 
  domed 
  roof 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  material. 
  (See 
  pi. 
  110 
  

   for 
  comparable 
  houses 
  in 
  Bolivia.) 
  Round 
  houses 
  with 
  conical 
  

   thatched 
  roofs 
  and 
  rectangular 
  houses 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Aymara 
  town 
  

   of 
  Kollana, 
  near 
  La 
  Paz 
  (Posnansky, 
  1938, 
  p. 
  23, 
  fig. 
  36). 
  The 
  

   round 
  houses 
  have 
  low, 
  dry-masonry 
  foundations 
  and 
  walls 
  of 
  sod 
  

   blocks. 
  In 
  the 
  totora 
  reed 
  swamps 
  of 
  the 
  Bay 
  of 
  Puno, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  

   live 
  in 
  rectangular 
  tents 
  of 
  reed 
  matting 
  (pi. 
  104, 
  top). 
  

  

  A 
  typical 
  extended 
  family 
  lives 
  in 
  a 
  compound, 
  the 
  walls 
  of 
  which 
  

   enclose 
  the 
  house 
  clusters 
  of 
  the 
  component 
  biological 
  families; 
  each 
  

   biological 
  family 
  usually 
  possesses 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  "big 
  houses," 
  a 
  kitchen, 
  

   corrals, 
  and 
  sheds 
  for 
  the 
  livestock. 
  (See 
  Social 
  Organization, 
  p. 
  

   542.) 
  Distinctions 
  based 
  on 
  wealth 
  are 
  shown 
  only 
  by 
  the 
  number 
  

   and 
  upkeep 
  of 
  the 
  buildings. 
  The 
  dwelling 
  is 
  usually 
  very 
  disorderly, 
  

   although 
  where 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  separate 
  "big 
  house" 
  for 
  storage, 
  it 
  is 
  

   likely 
  to 
  be 
  neater. 
  The 
  Aymara 
  practically 
  never 
  stay 
  in 
  the 
  houses 
  

   during 
  the 
  day, 
  and 
  even 
  eat 
  outside. 
  

  

  The 
  rectangular, 
  gabled-roof 
  house 
  is 
  some 
  12 
  by 
  8 
  feet 
  (3.7 
  by 
  2.4 
  

   m.) 
  with 
  walls 
  constructed 
  of 
  field 
  stones 
  set 
  in 
  mud, 
  adobe 
  bricks, 
  or 
  

   sod 
  blocks. 
  Each 
  house 
  is 
  a 
  single 
  room, 
  the 
  rooms 
  being 
  arranged 
  

   around 
  two 
  or 
  more 
  sides 
  of 
  a 
  patio. 
  The 
  floors 
  of 
  pounded 
  earth 
  are 
  

   not 
  covered. 
  Houses 
  lack 
  windows 
  and 
  smokeholes 
  and 
  have 
  the 
  

   doorway 
  oriented 
  characteristically 
  to 
  the 
  east. 
  Doors 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  

   rawhide 
  stretched 
  on 
  a 
  wooden 
  frame, 
  a 
  poncho 
  curtain, 
  or 
  a 
  piece 
  of 
  

   solid 
  wood. 
  Lacking 
  a 
  door, 
  the 
  doorway 
  is 
  blocked 
  with 
  stones 
  

   when 
  the 
  owner 
  is 
  away. 
  

  

  The 
  framework 
  of 
  the 
  roof 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  poles 
  lashed 
  together 
  with 
  wet 
  

   rawhide 
  or 
  grass 
  rope. 
  Roofs 
  are 
  thatched 
  in 
  various 
  ways 
  with 
  

   several 
  materials, 
  especially 
  grasses 
  or 
  reeds 
  called 
  totora. 
  The 
  

   most 
  common 
  thatch, 
  "ichu 
  grass" 
  (Stipa 
  ichu), 
  is 
  always 
  used 
  along 
  

   the 
  pitch 
  of 
  the 
  roof 
  because 
  it 
  is 
  most 
  watertight. 
  If 
  grass 
  is 
  used, 
  

   totora 
  reed 
  mats 
  are 
  tied 
  over 
  the 
  framework 
  and 
  grass 
  bundles, 
  

   partially 
  dipped 
  in 
  mud, 
  are 
  laid 
  on 
  like 
  shingles. 
  If 
  mud 
  is 
  not 
  used, 
  

  

  