﻿530 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  the 
  grass 
  is 
  spread 
  out 
  and 
  sewed 
  to 
  the 
  mats 
  with 
  grass 
  rope. 
  With 
  

   reed 
  thatch, 
  mats 
  are 
  not 
  used, 
  and 
  the 
  bundles 
  are 
  tied 
  in 
  shingle 
  

   formation 
  directly 
  to 
  the 
  framework. 
  

  

  Kitchens 
  are 
  usually 
  separate 
  (Peru), 
  but 
  may 
  be 
  built 
  against 
  the 
  

   side 
  wall 
  of 
  the 
  "big 
  house." 
  Some 
  resemble 
  the 
  "big 
  house" 
  in 
  

   miniature; 
  others 
  are 
  small 
  square 
  rooms 
  with 
  a 
  single-pitched, 
  

   thatched 
  roof. 
  In 
  Bolivia, 
  the 
  kitchen 
  usually 
  occupies 
  a 
  corner 
  

   inside 
  the 
  "big 
  house" 
  (La 
  Barre, 
  ms.). 
  

  

  Guardhouses 
  of 
  several 
  kinds 
  are 
  erected 
  in 
  the 
  fields 
  during 
  harvest. 
  

   Some 
  have 
  a 
  tripod 
  foundation 
  to 
  which 
  shorter 
  poles 
  are 
  tied 
  hori- 
  

   zontally 
  and 
  are 
  thatched 
  or 
  mat-covered 
  (pi. 
  110, 
  bottom). 
  Others 
  

   are 
  square 
  or 
  circular 
  structures 
  of 
  dry 
  masonry 
  or 
  sod 
  blocks 
  with 
  

   single-pitched 
  or 
  conical 
  thatched 
  roofs. 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  completion 
  of 
  the 
  foundation 
  trench 
  for 
  a 
  new 
  house, 
  offer- 
  

   ings 
  are 
  buried 
  in 
  the 
  corners 
  and 
  occasionally 
  animals 
  are 
  sacrificed 
  

   (pi. 
  Ill, 
  bottom 
  j 
  left). 
  When 
  the 
  house 
  is 
  ready 
  to 
  be 
  roofed, 
  a 
  

   magician 
  (paqo) 
  comes 
  at 
  sunrise 
  to 
  sacrifice 
  a 
  llama 
  to 
  the 
  place 
  

   spirit. 
  The 
  llama's 
  blood 
  is 
  thrown 
  over 
  the 
  walls 
  and 
  floor 
  and 
  its 
  

   heart 
  is 
  burned 
  with 
  offerings. 
  The 
  rite 
  is 
  accompanied 
  by 
  feasting, 
  

   dancing, 
  and 
  riotous 
  drinking. 
  

  

  Household 
  furniture. 
  — 
  Aymara 
  houses 
  are 
  sparsely 
  furnished. 
  

   Low, 
  stone 
  platform 
  beds 
  stand 
  at 
  one 
  or 
  both 
  ends 
  of 
  the 
  "big 
  house." 
  

   Their 
  origin 
  has 
  uncertain 
  antiquity. 
  A 
  thick 
  to 
  tora 
  reed 
  mat 
  serves 
  

   as 
  a 
  mattress, 
  and 
  llama 
  pelts 
  and 
  woven 
  blankets 
  as 
  bedding. 
  When 
  

   there 
  is 
  but 
  one 
  "big 
  house," 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  family 
  sleeps 
  in 
  the 
  kitchen 
  

   which, 
  if 
  small, 
  lacks 
  the 
  platform 
  bed. 
  Niches 
  in 
  the 
  gable 
  ends 
  of 
  

   the 
  house 
  are 
  used 
  for 
  storage, 
  and 
  possessions 
  are 
  hung 
  on 
  pegs 
  

   driven 
  into 
  the 
  walls. 
  Light 
  is 
  supplied 
  by 
  a 
  small 
  pottery-bowl 
  

   lamp 
  with 
  fat 
  for 
  fuel 
  and 
  a 
  rag 
  wick. 
  The 
  "big 
  house" 
  is 
  usually 
  not 
  

   heated. 
  

  

  Kitchens 
  also 
  have 
  niches 
  and 
  occasionally 
  shelves 
  formed 
  by 
  

   stones 
  left 
  protruding 
  from 
  the 
  walls. 
  Stoves 
  are 
  of 
  pottery 
  with 
  

   three 
  holes 
  on 
  top 
  to 
  receive 
  the 
  cooking 
  pots 
  and 
  one 
  in 
  front 
  for 
  

   fuel 
  and 
  the 
  removal 
  of 
  ashes 
  (pi. 
  105, 
  top, 
  right). 
  

  

  ENGINEERING 
  WORKS 
  

  

  Roads. 
  — 
  At 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest, 
  the 
  Collao 
  was 
  

   traversed 
  by 
  a 
  network 
  of 
  roads, 
  many 
  of 
  which 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  existed 
  

   prior 
  to 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  Inca 
  domination. 
  From 
  Cuzco, 
  a 
  road 
  ex- 
  

   tended 
  southward 
  over 
  the 
  high 
  pass 
  at 
  Vilcanota 
  to 
  Ayaviri. 
  Here 
  

   it 
  forked, 
  the 
  Umasuyu 
  road 
  passing 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  of 
  Lake 
  Titicaca 
  

   via 
  the 
  towns 
  of 
  Huancane, 
  Carabuco, 
  and 
  Achacachi 
  to 
  join 
  with 
  the 
  

   other 
  principal 
  highway 
  in 
  Bolivia, 
  while 
  the 
  Urcosuyu 
  road 
  extended 
  

   along 
  the 
  southwest 
  shore 
  of 
  the 
  Lake, 
  passing 
  through 
  Hatuncolla, 
  

   Chucuito, 
  and 
  Juli 
  to 
  Rio 
  Desaguadero 
  (Romero, 
  1928, 
  p. 
  465). 
  

  

  