﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  531 
  

  

  At 
  Desaguadero, 
  the 
  road 
  crossed 
  the 
  river 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  a 
  bridge, 
  and 
  

   continued 
  on 
  into 
  the 
  interior 
  of 
  Bolivia 
  via 
  Guaqui, 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  

   Viacha, 
  and 
  Sicasica 
  to 
  Caracolla 
  (La 
  Barre, 
  ms.). 
  During 
  the 
  Inca 
  

   Period, 
  these 
  highways 
  were 
  served 
  by 
  the 
  famihar 
  system 
  of 
  way 
  

   stations 
  (tambos) 
  and 
  post-runners. 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  present 
  time, 
  the 
  native 
  roads 
  which 
  traverse 
  the 
  vast 
  

   Pampa 
  are 
  merely 
  trails. 
  In 
  thickly 
  populated 
  areas, 
  these 
  paths 
  

   are 
  usually 
  confined 
  between 
  dry-masonry 
  walls 
  and 
  are 
  used 
  as 
  

   convenient 
  places 
  to 
  dump 
  small 
  stones 
  cleared 
  from 
  the 
  adjacent 
  

   fields. 
  Where 
  the 
  topography 
  is 
  rugged, 
  crude 
  steps 
  of 
  field 
  stones 
  

   are 
  built 
  to 
  facilitate 
  travel. 
  

  

  Bridges. 
  — 
  Shallow 
  rivers 
  are 
  usually 
  forded, 
  a 
  rope 
  occasionally 
  

   being 
  stretched 
  across 
  to 
  help 
  the 
  traveler. 
  On 
  certain 
  bays 
  of 
  Lake 
  

   Titicaca 
  and 
  across 
  wide 
  rivers, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Kamis, 
  travelers 
  and 
  their 
  

   animals 
  are 
  ferried 
  on 
  balsas. 
  The 
  floating 
  bridge 
  across 
  Rio 
  Desa- 
  

   guadero 
  was 
  famous 
  in 
  Inca 
  times 
  and 
  existed 
  until 
  late 
  into 
  the 
  19 
  th 
  

   century, 
  when 
  it 
  was 
  described 
  by 
  Squier 
  (1877, 
  pp. 
  256-66). 
  This 
  

   bridge 
  consisted 
  of 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  balsa 
  pontoons, 
  connected 
  by 
  reed 
  cables 
  

   anchored 
  at 
  either 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  river 
  to 
  stone 
  bridgeheads. 
  During 
  the 
  

   Inca 
  Period, 
  tolls 
  were 
  collected 
  from 
  travelers 
  (Cieza 
  de 
  Leon, 
  1924, 
  

   p. 
  324). 
  In 
  pre-Spanish 
  times, 
  swamps 
  and 
  marshy 
  places 
  were 
  

   traversed 
  by 
  long 
  causeways 
  of 
  stone, 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  found 
  

   at 
  Sillustani 
  (Bandelier, 
  1905, 
  pi. 
  7), 
  Chucuito, 
  and 
  Carpa 
  (Peru). 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  present 
  time, 
  where 
  the 
  lake 
  shore 
  is 
  steep, 
  balsa 
  landings 
  are 
  

   constructed 
  by 
  building 
  rough 
  stone 
  ramps 
  out 
  into 
  the 
  water. 
  Where 
  

   the 
  shore 
  is 
  low, 
  canals 
  are 
  dug 
  to 
  permit 
  the 
  craft 
  to 
  approach 
  land. 
  

  

  DRESS 
  AND 
  ORNAMENTS 
  

  

  Clothing. 
  — 
  Although 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest, 
  as 
  today, 
  dress 
  

   styles 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  varied 
  locally, 
  both 
  sexes 
  were 
  adequately 
  clothed 
  

   in 
  garments 
  woven 
  of 
  wool. 
  After 
  reaching 
  puberty, 
  men 
  formerly 
  

   wore 
  a 
  loincloth 
  (Bandelier, 
  1910, 
  p. 
  73) 
  and 
  over 
  it 
  a 
  short, 
  sleeveless 
  

   tunic 
  secured 
  by 
  a 
  woven 
  belt. 
  For 
  extra 
  protection, 
  they 
  tied 
  a 
  cloak 
  

   over 
  the 
  left 
  shoulder. 
  A 
  woven 
  coca 
  bag 
  with 
  long 
  straps 
  carried 
  

   over 
  the 
  shoulder 
  completed 
  the 
  costume. 
  

  

  Women 
  wore 
  an 
  undergarment 
  resembling 
  the 
  men's 
  shirt 
  and 
  a 
  

   sleeveless 
  outer 
  dress 
  secured 
  at 
  the 
  waist 
  by 
  a 
  broad 
  belt 
  (pi. 
  105, 
  

   bottom, 
  left). 
  The 
  shoulder 
  flaps 
  were 
  pinned 
  at 
  either 
  side 
  with 
  flat- 
  

   headed 
  metal 
  pins. 
  A 
  short 
  shawl 
  was 
  worn 
  around 
  the 
  shoulders, 
  

   pinned 
  in 
  front 
  (Bertonio, 
  1879 
  b). 
  

  

  Women 
  characteristically 
  went 
  barefoot, 
  while 
  the 
  men 
  wore 
  llama- 
  

   hide 
  sandals. 
  In 
  the 
  higher 
  altitudes, 
  single-piece 
  hide 
  slippers, 
  

   gathered 
  around 
  the 
  edge 
  by 
  a 
  thong, 
  were 
  employed. 
  

  

  For 
  headgear, 
  men 
  wore 
  coiled 
  or 
  woven 
  caps 
  which 
  varied 
  with 
  

   locality 
  and 
  with 
  rank 
  (Metraux, 
  1935 
  a, 
  p. 
  120). 
  Women 
  wore 
  

  

  