﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  533 
  

  

  corners 
  of 
  the 
  carrying 
  cloth 
  are 
  folded 
  in 
  toward 
  the 
  middle 
  while 
  the 
  

   other 
  two 
  pass 
  around 
  the 
  shoulders 
  and 
  are 
  knotted 
  across 
  the 
  chest. 
  

   Babies 
  are 
  carried 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  in 
  a 
  similar 
  manner. 
  Men 
  carry 
  

   objects 
  in 
  the 
  awayu, 
  in 
  a 
  wide 
  shawl, 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  winnowing 
  cloth, 
  

   according 
  to 
  their 
  community. 
  They 
  characteristically 
  tie 
  it 
  over 
  the 
  

   left 
  shoulder 
  and 
  under 
  the 
  right 
  arm, 
  the 
  ends 
  being 
  knotted 
  across 
  

   the 
  chest, 
  or 
  secure 
  it 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  way 
  as 
  women. 
  

  

  Food 
  carried 
  while 
  traveling 
  is 
  packed 
  in 
  small, 
  striped 
  woolen 
  bags. 
  

   Coca 
  and 
  other 
  articles 
  are 
  tied 
  up 
  in 
  small, 
  square 
  cloths 
  and 
  depos- 
  

   ited 
  inside 
  the 
  large 
  bundle. 
  Ollas 
  are 
  transported 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  a 
  length 
  of 
  llama-wool 
  rope, 
  which 
  passes 
  through 
  the 
  

   handles. 
  No 
  tumpline 
  is 
  used. 
  

  

  Pack 
  animals. 
  — 
  As 
  the 
  horse 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  adopted 
  to 
  any 
  extent, 
  

   the 
  chief 
  pack 
  animals 
  are 
  the 
  llama 
  and 
  the 
  donkey. 
  Only 
  male 
  

   llamas 
  are 
  used; 
  alpacas 
  never. 
  The 
  lead 
  llama 
  of 
  a 
  pack 
  train 
  is 
  the 
  

   natural 
  leader 
  of 
  the 
  herd, 
  and 
  is 
  not 
  trained. 
  It 
  is 
  usually 
  decorated 
  

   with 
  especially 
  large 
  ear 
  tassels, 
  and 
  has 
  a 
  bell 
  tied 
  to 
  the 
  wool 
  of 
  its 
  

   chest. 
  The 
  other 
  llamas 
  become 
  accustomed 
  to 
  the 
  steady 
  tinkle 
  and 
  

   do 
  not 
  start 
  at 
  strange 
  sounds. 
  On 
  trips, 
  food 
  is 
  not 
  carried 
  for 
  the 
  

   pack 
  llamas 
  since 
  they 
  find 
  their 
  own 
  fodder 
  along 
  the 
  way. 
  A 
  good 
  

   llama 
  will 
  carry 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  100 
  pounds 
  (45 
  kg.). 
  The 
  cargo 
  is 
  packed 
  

   either 
  in 
  a 
  large 
  woolen 
  sack 
  hitched 
  across 
  the 
  animal's 
  back 
  with 
  a 
  

   woolen 
  rope 
  or 
  in 
  a 
  roughly 
  oval 
  net 
  made 
  of 
  rawhide 
  thongs. 
  

  

  Boats. 
  — 
  Several 
  kinds 
  of 
  craft 
  manufactured 
  from 
  bundles 
  of 
  

   totora 
  reeds 
  are 
  used 
  to 
  navigate 
  the 
  lakes 
  and 
  rivers 
  of 
  the 
  altiplano 
  

   (pi. 
  107, 
  bottom). 
  There 
  are 
  two 
  principal 
  types 
  of 
  the 
  small, 
  one- 
  

   man 
  balsa, 
  one 
  having 
  blunt 
  ends, 
  the 
  other 
  having 
  the 
  bow 
  and 
  stern 
  

   pointed 
  and 
  slightly 
  recurved 
  (pi. 
  107, 
  top). 
  Each 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  four 
  

   cigar-shaped 
  bundles 
  of 
  totora 
  reeds, 
  each 
  8 
  to 
  12 
  feet 
  (2.4 
  to 
  3.7 
  m.) 
  in 
  

   length, 
  the 
  two 
  larger 
  of 
  which 
  form 
  the 
  bottom. 
  The 
  balsa 
  pole 
  has 
  

   two 
  pieces 
  of 
  wood 
  lashed 
  to 
  one 
  end 
  with 
  grass 
  cordage 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  

   short, 
  three-pronged 
  fork. 
  In 
  shallow 
  water, 
  the 
  balsa 
  is 
  poled 
  from 
  

   a 
  standing 
  position, 
  while 
  in 
  deep 
  water, 
  the 
  pole 
  is 
  operated 
  from 
  a 
  

   kneeling 
  or 
  sitting 
  position 
  (pi. 
  107, 
  top) 
  as 
  though 
  it 
  were 
  a 
  double 
  

   paddle. 
  

  

  Balsas 
  equipped 
  with 
  sails 
  are 
  14 
  to 
  20 
  feet 
  (4.2 
  to 
  6.1 
  m.) 
  in 
  length 
  

   (pi. 
  106), 
  and 
  are 
  constructed 
  as 
  described 
  above, 
  except 
  that 
  the 
  two 
  

   bundles 
  which 
  form 
  the 
  bottom 
  have 
  inner 
  cores 
  of 
  smaller, 
  tightly 
  

   bound 
  totora 
  reeds 
  to 
  give 
  additional 
  strength. 
  The 
  mast 
  consists 
  

   of 
  two 
  poles 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  an 
  inverted 
  V, 
  and 
  has 
  a 
  wooden 
  hook 
  at 
  

   the 
  top 
  for 
  raising 
  and 
  lowering 
  the 
  sail. 
  A 
  fork-handled 
  sculling 
  

   oar 
  is 
  placed 
  in 
  an 
  oarlock 
  at 
  the 
  rear 
  to 
  propel 
  the 
  craft 
  in 
  shallow 
  

   water 
  and 
  during 
  calm 
  weather. 
  Sailing 
  techniques 
  are 
  rudimentary; 
  

   there 
  is 
  no 
  method 
  of 
  tacking, 
  and 
  the 
  sail 
  is 
  used 
  only 
  when 
  there 
  is 
  

  

  