﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  537 
  

  

  taken 
  from 
  veins 
  with 
  antler 
  picks; 
  gold 
  and 
  silver 
  were 
  also 
  washed 
  

   from 
  alluvium 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  stone 
  plates 
  (Bandelier, 
  ms.; 
  Forbes, 
  

   1870, 
  p. 
  69). 
  Gold 
  dust 
  was 
  stored 
  in 
  skin 
  bags 
  or 
  in 
  sheep 
  udders. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  Jimenez 
  de 
  la 
  Espada, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  smelted 
  gold 
  in 
  

   pottery 
  ovens 
  exposed 
  to 
  the 
  wind 
  on 
  hilltops. 
  Gold 
  was 
  cold- 
  

   hammered 
  or 
  cast 
  as 
  a 
  copper-gold 
  alloy. 
  

  

  Metal 
  objects 
  included 
  semilunate 
  knives 
  with 
  handles, 
  pins 
  with 
  

   flat 
  heads, 
  tweezers, 
  ear 
  spatulae, 
  bells, 
  and 
  long 
  needles. 
  Met- 
  

   allurgical 
  techniques 
  and 
  analyses 
  from 
  the 
  protohistoric 
  Aymara 
  

   site 
  of 
  Chucuito 
  are 
  described 
  by 
  Tschopik 
  (Tschopik, 
  M. 
  H., 
  Inca 
  

   Uyu, 
  n. 
  <L). 
  

  

  Stoneworking. 
  — 
  Forbes 
  states 
  on 
  the 
  grounds 
  of 
  semilegendary 
  

   evidence 
  that 
  formerly 
  building 
  stones 
  were 
  softened 
  with 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  

   herbs 
  and 
  urine, 
  and 
  then 
  cut 
  and 
  polished 
  with 
  equisetum 
  (Forbes, 
  

   1870, 
  pp. 
  66-67). 
  Today 
  stone 
  bowls, 
  small 
  mortars, 
  and 
  spherical 
  

   pestles 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  a 
  porous 
  basalt. 
  They 
  are 
  first 
  pecked 
  with 
  pieces 
  

   of 
  hard, 
  compact 
  basalt 
  and 
  quartzite, 
  and 
  then 
  ground 
  with 
  cobbles 
  

   of 
  porous 
  basalt. 
  Net 
  sinkers 
  are 
  pecked 
  and 
  ground 
  in 
  a 
  similar 
  

   manner, 
  but 
  the 
  heads 
  of 
  clod 
  crushers 
  are 
  only 
  roughly 
  chipped 
  from 
  

   field 
  stones. 
  (See 
  Fishing, 
  p. 
  522. 
  and 
  Farming, 
  p. 
  515.) 
  Ground 
  

   and 
  perforated 
  stone 
  spindle 
  whorls 
  were 
  formerly 
  made. 
  The 
  

   rocker-type 
  mano 
  is 
  employed 
  today 
  with 
  the 
  metate. 
  (See 
  Food 
  

   Preparation, 
  p. 
  527.) 
  However, 
  the 
  rectangular 
  mano 
  and 
  flat 
  

   metate 
  are 
  found 
  archeologically 
  in 
  the 
  protohistoric 
  levels 
  at 
  Chu- 
  

   cuito. 
  

  

  Miscellaneous. 
  — 
  Bark 
  cloth 
  seems 
  not 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  manufactured. 
  

  

  During 
  Colonial 
  times, 
  at 
  least, 
  fire 
  was 
  produced 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  flint 
  

   and 
  steel, 
  pulverized 
  manure 
  serving 
  as 
  tinder. 
  Other 
  techniques 
  of 
  

   fire 
  making 
  are 
  not 
  remembered. 
  

  

  Glue 
  is 
  manufactured 
  by 
  boiling 
  strips 
  of 
  hide 
  for 
  many 
  hours. 
  

  

  TRADE 
  

  

  Trade 
  is 
  highly 
  developed 
  among 
  the 
  Aymara, 
  who 
  use 
  a 
  great 
  

   deal 
  of 
  magic 
  and 
  divination 
  to 
  assure 
  the 
  success 
  of 
  a 
  trading 
  ex- 
  

   pedition. 
  Fishing 
  communities 
  exchange 
  fish 
  for 
  animal 
  and 
  vege- 
  

   table 
  products. 
  Those 
  which 
  specialize 
  in 
  livestock 
  trade 
  wool, 
  meat, 
  

   and 
  hides 
  for 
  fish 
  and 
  farm 
  produce. 
  In 
  general, 
  each 
  sex 
  barters 
  the 
  

   articles 
  it 
  produces, 
  although 
  women 
  usually 
  market 
  food 
  products. 
  

  

  Communities 
  also 
  specialize 
  in 
  manufactures, 
  trading 
  pottery, 
  

   textiles, 
  sandals, 
  and 
  coca 
  lime 
  over 
  large 
  areas. 
  In 
  some 
  regions 
  ayl- 
  

   lus 
  tend 
  to 
  specialize 
  in 
  handicrafts. 
  Thus, 
  in 
  Chucuito, 
  two 
  ayllus 
  

   make 
  pottery, 
  two 
  produce 
  felt 
  hats, 
  and 
  another 
  coca 
  lime. 
  The 
  

   towns 
  of 
  Yunguyo 
  and 
  Copacabana 
  import 
  cane 
  from 
  the 
  jungle 
  to 
  

   make 
  musical 
  instruments. 
  In 
  Peru, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  obtain 
  such 
  prod- 
  

  

  