﻿538 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  ucts 
  as 
  ajl, 
  maize, 
  fruits, 
  and 
  wooden 
  implements 
  from 
  the 
  Quechua. 
  

   Itinerant 
  shamans 
  (qolawayu) 
  from 
  Bolivia 
  travel 
  widely, 
  trading 
  

   herbs, 
  amulets, 
  and 
  medicines. 
  (See 
  p. 
  478.) 
  Aymara 
  from 
  the 
  alti- 
  

   plano 
  make 
  long 
  trading 
  trips 
  to 
  the 
  Lowlands 
  to 
  exchange 
  dried 
  meat, 
  

   salt, 
  chufiu, 
  and 
  grain 
  for 
  tropical 
  fruits, 
  bamboo, 
  and 
  maize 
  (La 
  

   Barre, 
  ms.) 
  . 
  Formerly, 
  they 
  traded 
  with 
  the 
  people 
  of 
  the 
  Coast 
  for 
  

   guano, 
  sea 
  shells, 
  and 
  cotton. 
  

  

  Trade 
  is 
  conducted 
  only 
  by 
  barter, 
  the 
  exchange 
  depending 
  upon 
  

   the 
  relative 
  abundance 
  of 
  the 
  products 
  (grain, 
  potatoes, 
  fish, 
  meat). 
  

   Overweight 
  (yap 
  a) 
  is 
  characteristically 
  requested 
  and 
  given 
  by 
  both 
  

   parties, 
  except 
  where 
  one 
  commodity 
  is 
  an 
  indivisible 
  unit 
  (eggs, 
  pot- 
  

   tery, 
  textiles), 
  in 
  which 
  case 
  only 
  the 
  seller 
  of 
  the 
  unit 
  product 
  receives 
  

  

  YAP 
  A. 
  

  

  There 
  are 
  fixed 
  market 
  days 
  in 
  the 
  towns 
  and 
  in 
  some 
  ayllus. 
  In 
  

   the 
  latter, 
  a 
  centrally 
  located 
  spot 
  called 
  "market 
  pampa" 
  is 
  set 
  aside 
  

   for 
  trading. 
  Women 
  who 
  frequently 
  trade 
  at 
  a 
  certain 
  center 
  have 
  

   permanent 
  places 
  in 
  the 
  market 
  square. 
  On 
  fiesta 
  days, 
  the 
  mar- 
  

   kets 
  are 
  larger 
  and 
  more 
  varied. 
  

  

  SOCIAL 
  AND 
  POLITICAL 
  ORGANIZATION 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  little 
  specific 
  information 
  available 
  concerning 
  the 
  social 
  

   and 
  political 
  organization 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara 
  prior 
  to 
  their 
  subjugation 
  by 
  

   the 
  Inca. 
  Presumably, 
  the 
  conquering 
  Inca 
  formed 
  an 
  aristocracy 
  

   together 
  with 
  certain 
  ill-defined 
  local 
  officials 
  mentioned 
  by 
  Bertonio, 
  

   but 
  it 
  is 
  doubtful 
  whether 
  the 
  bulk 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara 
  population 
  was 
  

   affected 
  to 
  any 
  great 
  degree 
  (Bertonio, 
  1879 
  b). 
  In 
  towns, 
  the 
  Inca 
  

   comprised 
  a 
  separate 
  class 
  that 
  was 
  distinguished 
  by 
  dress, 
  special 
  

   privileges, 
  and, 
  most 
  important, 
  by 
  language, 
  Imported 
  Quechua- 
  

   speaking 
  colonists 
  were 
  settled 
  in 
  Aymara 
  territory, 
  and 
  may 
  account 
  

   for 
  the 
  widespread 
  ink 
  a 
  ayllu. 
  

  

  A 
  few 
  data, 
  principally 
  terms 
  for 
  native 
  officials 
  given 
  by 
  Bertonio, 
  

   suggest 
  that 
  some 
  type 
  of 
  social 
  stratification 
  existed 
  before 
  the 
  Inca 
  

   conquest 
  of 
  the 
  Collao 
  (Bertonio, 
  1879 
  b). 
  That 
  the 
  names 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  

   rulers 
  of 
  each 
  Aymara 
  state 
  are 
  nearly 
  always 
  the 
  same 
  suggests 
  that 
  

   the 
  chieftainship 
  was 
  hereditary, 
  probably 
  in 
  the 
  male 
  line. 
  (See 
  

   Documented 
  History, 
  p. 
  507.) 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  faint 
  suggestion 
  of 
  former 
  

   dual 
  chiefs 
  who 
  operated 
  respectively 
  in 
  the 
  spheres 
  of 
  peace 
  and 
  war. 
  

   Conquest 
  Period 
  literature 
  suggests 
  that 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  priesthood 
  and 
  

   that 
  the 
  priests 
  probably 
  possessed 
  special 
  privileges. 
  

  

  The 
  ruler 
  of 
  each 
  Aymara 
  state 
  was 
  distinguished 
  by 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  

   privileges. 
  Each 
  ayllu 
  reserved 
  certain 
  lands 
  (suwu) 
  which 
  were 
  

   farmed 
  communally 
  for 
  his 
  support; 
  in 
  fact, 
  these 
  lands 
  survived 
  well 
  

   into 
  Republican 
  times, 
  when 
  they 
  were 
  worked 
  to 
  support 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   governors. 
  The 
  chief 
  was 
  polygynous, 
  possessed 
  servants, 
  wore 
  

  

  