﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  AYMARA 
  — 
  TSCHOPIK 
  547 
  

  

  ETIQUETTE 
  

  

  Greetings 
  and 
  responses 
  are 
  stereotyped 
  to 
  the 
  point 
  where 
  they 
  are 
  

   untranslatable. 
  A 
  former 
  Aymara 
  salutation 
  was 
  to 
  raise 
  both 
  arms 
  

   upward 
  and 
  forward, 
  the 
  elbows 
  bent 
  (La 
  Barre, 
  ms.). 
  Today, 
  both 
  

   men 
  and 
  women 
  shake 
  hands, 
  although 
  this 
  practice 
  may 
  not 
  be 
  

   aboriginal. 
  

  

  "Father" 
  and 
  "mother" 
  are 
  used 
  to 
  address 
  any 
  respected 
  individ- 
  

   uals, 
  regardless 
  of 
  relationship. 
  Similarly, 
  aged 
  people 
  are 
  usually 
  

   addressed 
  as 
  "grandfather" 
  or 
  "grandmother." 
  These 
  terms 
  of 
  re- 
  

   spect 
  have 
  been 
  extended 
  also 
  to 
  animals 
  and 
  to 
  supernatural 
  beings; 
  

   foxes 
  are 
  called 
  "uncle" 
  and 
  spirits 
  "grandfather." 
  White 
  people 
  

   and 
  Mestizos 
  are 
  usually 
  called 
  wiraxoca 
  (Viracocha). 
  

  

  To 
  show 
  deference 
  to 
  an 
  important 
  person 
  or 
  to 
  ask 
  a 
  favor, 
  a 
  

   whining 
  voice 
  that 
  is 
  almost 
  falsetto 
  is 
  employed 
  by 
  both 
  sexes. 
  

   Humility 
  was 
  formerly 
  shown 
  by 
  going 
  barefoot 
  and 
  by 
  wearing 
  one's 
  

   oldest 
  clothes. 
  Spitting 
  is 
  a 
  sign 
  of 
  contempt. 
  

  

  Old 
  people 
  are 
  respected 
  and 
  well 
  treated. 
  Upon 
  entering 
  a 
  house, 
  

   they 
  are 
  offered 
  a 
  blanket 
  or 
  poncho 
  to 
  sit 
  on, 
  as 
  are 
  guests. 
  

  

  Elaborate 
  ritual 
  surrounds 
  eating, 
  drinking, 
  and 
  coca 
  chewing. 
  In 
  

   general, 
  people 
  of 
  age 
  and 
  prestige 
  are 
  served 
  first; 
  men 
  take 
  preference 
  

   over 
  women. 
  At 
  festivals, 
  men 
  and 
  women 
  sit 
  apart 
  and 
  are 
  often 
  

   served 
  separately. 
  The 
  etiquette 
  surrounding 
  the 
  exchange 
  of 
  coca 
  

   bags 
  on 
  ceremonial 
  occasions 
  may 
  be 
  considered 
  a 
  rite. 
  

  

  WARFARE 
  

  

  Although 
  the 
  early 
  Spanish 
  historians 
  say 
  much 
  about 
  the 
  incessant 
  

   wars 
  and 
  raids 
  which 
  the 
  various 
  Aymara 
  states 
  waged 
  among 
  them- 
  

   selves 
  and 
  about 
  their 
  eventual 
  conquest 
  by 
  the 
  Inca, 
  they 
  are 
  ex- 
  

   tremely 
  vague 
  concerning 
  the 
  formal 
  organization 
  and 
  techniques 
  of 
  

   warfare. 
  Presumably, 
  there 
  were 
  war 
  chiefs. 
  The 
  large 
  number, 
  

   often 
  thousands, 
  of 
  soldiers 
  involved 
  suggests 
  that 
  warfare 
  was 
  or- 
  

   ganized 
  along 
  ayllu 
  lines 
  (Lewin, 
  1943, 
  p. 
  209). 
  

  

  Raids 
  were 
  undertaken 
  chiefly 
  for 
  loot 
  and 
  for 
  slaves. 
  Formal 
  

   alliances 
  were 
  sometimes 
  made 
  to 
  facilitate 
  raids 
  and 
  especially 
  for 
  

   protection 
  against 
  the 
  invading 
  Inca. 
  The 
  Lupaca 
  state, 
  with 
  its 
  

   capital 
  at 
  Chucuito, 
  is 
  known 
  to 
  have 
  raided 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  Luricache 
  in 
  

   Cana 
  territory. 
  Women 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  accompanied 
  the 
  troops 
  to 
  

   carry 
  slingstones 
  for 
  the 
  warriors 
  and 
  to 
  assist 
  in 
  communications 
  

   (Bandelier, 
  1910, 
  p. 
  88). 
  Divination 
  is 
  said 
  by 
  early 
  writers 
  to 
  have 
  

   been 
  important 
  in 
  all 
  aspects 
  of 
  warfare. 
  In 
  their 
  tactics, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  

   relied 
  chiefly 
  upon 
  surprise 
  attack 
  and 
  ambush. 
  Strategic 
  hilltops 
  

   near 
  the 
  towns 
  had 
  fortifications 
  (pukara), 
  some 
  with 
  temporary 
  

   living 
  accommodations 
  for 
  many 
  people. 
  In 
  case 
  of 
  sudden 
  attack, 
  

   the 
  troops 
  were 
  summoned 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  simple 
  smoke 
  signals, 
  fires 
  on 
  

  

  