﻿548 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  mountain 
  peaks, 
  and 
  trumpets. 
  Warriors 
  painted 
  their 
  faces 
  both 
  to 
  

   terrify 
  the 
  enemy 
  and 
  to 
  effect 
  magic. 
  

  

  To 
  arrange 
  peace, 
  envoys 
  discussed 
  terms 
  in 
  neutral 
  territory. 
  In 
  

   case 
  of 
  surrender, 
  the 
  leaders 
  of 
  the 
  losing 
  side 
  presented 
  themselves 
  

   to 
  the 
  victors 
  in 
  their 
  oldest 
  clothes 
  and 
  barefoot, 
  their 
  hands 
  tied 
  

   behind 
  their 
  backs. 
  

  

  In 
  recent 
  Aymara 
  revolts 
  in 
  both 
  Peru 
  and 
  Bolivia, 
  prisoners 
  were 
  

   tortured. 
  There 
  is, 
  however, 
  no 
  evidence 
  that 
  this 
  practice 
  is 
  ancient. 
  

   Captives 
  were 
  roasted 
  and 
  eaten 
  in 
  the 
  field 
  (Bandelier, 
  ms.) 
  ; 
  occasion- 
  

   ally, 
  the 
  blood 
  of 
  enemies 
  slain 
  in 
  battle 
  was 
  drunk. 
  Apparently, 
  the 
  

   motive 
  for 
  this 
  cannibalism 
  was 
  to 
  take 
  revenge 
  and 
  to 
  gain 
  the 
  valor 
  

   of 
  the 
  victim. 
  Puma 
  blood 
  is 
  occasionally 
  drunk 
  for 
  the 
  same 
  reasons. 
  

  

  In 
  warfare, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  fought 
  with 
  slings, 
  stone-headed 
  clubs, 
  and 
  

   bolas. 
  Although 
  the 
  bow 
  and 
  arrow 
  was 
  known, 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  archeo- 
  

   logical 
  evidence 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  ever 
  an 
  important 
  weapon. 
  La 
  Barre 
  

   states 
  that 
  a 
  lance 
  was 
  occasionally 
  used, 
  and, 
  following 
  Tschudi 
  

   (1869), 
  says 
  that 
  warriors 
  employed 
  a 
  light 
  shield 
  that 
  covered 
  most 
  

   of 
  the 
  body 
  (La 
  Barre, 
  ms.). 
  

  

  LIFE 
  CYCLE 
  

  

  Childbirth. 
  — 
  Children 
  are 
  greatly 
  desired 
  and 
  are 
  well 
  treated; 
  

   they 
  rarely 
  receive 
  physical 
  punishment. 
  Birth 
  control 
  techniques 
  

   are 
  not 
  practiced; 
  the 
  high 
  infant 
  mortality 
  limits 
  families. 
  Of 
  a 
  

   total 
  of 
  155 
  children 
  born 
  to 
  30 
  typical 
  families 
  in 
  Chucuito, 
  14 
  percent 
  

   died 
  before 
  reaching 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  6 
  months; 
  25 
  percent 
  before 
  3 
  years; 
  

   34 
  percent 
  before 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  13. 
  The 
  average 
  number 
  of 
  children 
  for 
  

   150 
  biological 
  families 
  in 
  Chucuito 
  is 
  2.5. 
  Infanticide 
  is 
  not 
  approved, 
  

   but 
  deformed 
  babies 
  are 
  allowed 
  to 
  die. 
  Although 
  disapproved, 
  

   abortion 
  is 
  occasionally 
  practiced 
  by 
  unmarried 
  women, 
  who 
  drink 
  a 
  

   strongly 
  laxative 
  tea 
  or 
  roll 
  a 
  heavy 
  stone 
  on 
  the 
  abdomen. 
  

  

  Twins 
  are 
  considered 
  by 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  Aymara 
  to 
  be 
  fortunate. 
  In 
  

   the 
  La 
  Paz 
  area, 
  Paredes 
  states, 
  they 
  were 
  thought 
  to 
  cause 
  a 
  bad 
  

   year 
  and 
  one 
  was 
  killed, 
  sometimes 
  by 
  being 
  buried 
  alive 
  (Paredes, 
  

   1936, 
  p. 
  91). 
  

  

  Pregnancy 
  is 
  recognized 
  by 
  the 
  cessation 
  of 
  menstruation. 
  Al- 
  

   though 
  not 
  subject 
  to 
  food 
  restrictions, 
  the 
  expectant 
  mother 
  must 
  

   avoid 
  looking 
  at 
  corpses 
  and 
  dead 
  animals 
  lest 
  the 
  child 
  become 
  sick. 
  

   If 
  the 
  mother 
  visits 
  cemeteries, 
  particularly 
  ancient 
  burials, 
  or 
  handles 
  

   human 
  bones, 
  the 
  child 
  will 
  be 
  deformed. 
  The 
  sex 
  of 
  the 
  unborn 
  child 
  

   is 
  ascertained 
  by 
  the 
  interpretation 
  of 
  dreams 
  and 
  by 
  coca 
  divination. 
  

   (See 
  Religion, 
  p. 
  563.) 
  The 
  day 
  of 
  birth 
  determines 
  the 
  success 
  of 
  a 
  

   child 
  throughout 
  life. 
  Magic 
  is 
  used 
  to 
  produce 
  a 
  child 
  of 
  the 
  sex 
  

   desired. 
  Offerings 
  are 
  made 
  to 
  a 
  native 
  shrine 
  and 
  (in 
  Bolivia) 
  farm 
  

   implements 
  placed 
  under 
  the 
  bed 
  to 
  produce 
  a 
  boy, 
  or 
  cooking 
  utensils 
  

   to 
  produce 
  a 
  girl 
  (La 
  Barre, 
  ms.). 
  

  

  