﻿556 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  (See 
  Religion, 
  p. 
  567.) 
  A 
  mixed 
  chorus 
  of 
  men 
  and 
  women 
  partici- 
  

   pates 
  in 
  the 
  rain-making 
  rite 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  frog 
  ritual 
  occurs. 
  Cieza 
  

   states 
  that 
  long 
  narrative 
  songs 
  dealing 
  with 
  traditional 
  history 
  were 
  

   sung 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest. 
  

  

  A 
  variety 
  of 
  musical 
  instruments 
  are 
  employed; 
  the 
  most 
  common 
  

   are 
  end-flutes 
  and 
  panpipes. 
  The 
  pentatonic 
  scale 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  

   used 
  exclusively. 
  End-flutes 
  have 
  five 
  or 
  six 
  stops, 
  depending 
  upon 
  

   locality, 
  and 
  are 
  adapted 
  to 
  the 
  melody 
  required 
  for 
  a 
  specific 
  dance. 
  

   They 
  are 
  usually 
  made 
  of 
  cane, 
  are 
  notched 
  at 
  the 
  upper 
  edge, 
  and 
  

   are 
  held 
  vertically 
  when 
  played. 
  Another 
  type 
  is 
  a 
  duct 
  flute 
  made 
  of 
  

   a 
  wooden 
  tube 
  which 
  is 
  supplied 
  with 
  a 
  separate 
  mouthpiece 
  and 
  is 
  

   also 
  blown 
  vertically. 
  

  

  Panpipes 
  consist 
  of 
  single 
  or 
  double 
  files 
  of 
  cane 
  tubes 
  bound 
  to- 
  

   gether 
  by 
  pieces 
  of 
  split 
  cane. 
  The 
  tubes 
  are 
  closed 
  below 
  and 
  grad- 
  

   uated 
  in 
  size 
  and 
  length. 
  Panpipes 
  are 
  usually 
  played 
  by 
  troupes 
  of 
  

   men, 
  often 
  as 
  many 
  as 
  20. 
  The 
  instruments 
  are 
  of 
  several 
  sizes 
  to 
  

   give 
  the 
  complete 
  range 
  of 
  notes 
  necessary 
  for 
  a 
  given 
  melody. 
  If 
  the 
  

   number 
  of 
  men 
  in 
  the 
  troupe 
  is 
  small, 
  two 
  sets 
  of 
  pipes 
  are 
  held 
  together, 
  

   one 
  pitched 
  a 
  5-note 
  interval 
  higher 
  than 
  the 
  other, 
  resulting, 
  when 
  

   all 
  are 
  played 
  together, 
  in 
  pseudoharmony. 
  

  

  Trumpets, 
  blown 
  to 
  frighten 
  away 
  hail, 
  are 
  now 
  of 
  cow's 
  horn. 
  

   They 
  are 
  never 
  of 
  conch 
  shell, 
  but 
  are 
  said 
  formerly 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  

   of 
  wood. 
  

  

  Drums 
  are 
  shallow, 
  wooden 
  cylinders 
  with 
  double 
  rawhide 
  heads 
  

   bound 
  by 
  rawhide 
  thongs. 
  Only 
  the 
  upper 
  membrane 
  is 
  beaten, 
  the 
  

   lower 
  being 
  braced 
  by 
  a 
  transverse 
  rawhide 
  thong 
  to 
  which 
  short 
  sticks 
  

   are 
  tied. 
  As 
  the 
  drum 
  is 
  beaten, 
  these 
  rattle 
  against 
  the 
  lower 
  mem- 
  

   brane. 
  The 
  drumstick 
  is 
  a 
  short 
  pole 
  with 
  a 
  stuffed 
  rawhide 
  head. 
  

   Bandelier 
  mentions 
  the 
  tambourine 
  (1910, 
  p. 
  112), 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  that 
  

   illustrated 
  by 
  Squier 
  (1877, 
  p. 
  306). 
  

  

  A 
  notched 
  cane 
  rasp 
  without 
  resonator 
  is 
  used 
  in 
  western 
  Bolivia. 
  

   Dancers 
  occasionally 
  have 
  small, 
  spherical, 
  copper 
  rattles 
  sewed 
  to 
  

   their 
  costumes. 
  

  

  Narcotics. 
  — 
  Coca 
  (Erythroxylon 
  coca) 
  is 
  chewed 
  with 
  lime 
  by 
  all 
  

   adult 
  Aymara. 
  Smoking 
  may 
  be 
  aboriginal, 
  as 
  wild 
  tobacco 
  is 
  occa- 
  

   sionally 
  used 
  medicinally 
  and 
  tobacco 
  smoke 
  is 
  offered 
  in 
  some 
  rituals. 
  

   Coca 
  was 
  formerly 
  obtained 
  by 
  trade 
  from 
  the 
  jungles 
  of 
  Peru 
  and 
  

   Bolivia, 
  but 
  is 
  now 
  usually 
  purchased 
  in 
  stores. 
  The 
  leaves 
  are 
  

   chewed 
  daily 
  with 
  lime 
  to 
  alleviate 
  fatigue 
  and 
  to 
  dull 
  the 
  appetite 
  

   while 
  working 
  or 
  traveling. 
  It 
  is 
  taken 
  on 
  all 
  festive 
  and 
  ritual 
  occa- 
  

   sions, 
  when 
  it 
  is 
  considered 
  to 
  promote 
  good 
  will, 
  and 
  is 
  invariably 
  

   part 
  of 
  every 
  ceremonial 
  offering, 
  either 
  the 
  dry 
  leaves 
  or 
  the 
  chewed 
  

   quid 
  being 
  used. 
  Coca 
  is 
  also 
  used 
  as 
  a 
  medicine 
  and 
  as 
  a 
  means 
  of 
  

   divination. 
  

  

  