﻿560 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Domestic 
  animals 
  are 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  owned 
  either 
  by 
  place 
  spirits, 
  by 
  a 
  

   mountain 
  spirit, 
  or 
  by 
  a 
  personified 
  pampa 
  spirit 
  named 
  Huasa 
  Mall- 
  

   cu. 
  (See 
  Hunting, 
  p. 
  520.) 
  

  

  In 
  addition 
  to 
  malevolent 
  place 
  spirits 
  and 
  ghosts, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  class 
  of 
  

   evil 
  beings 
  (supaya) 
  which 
  inhabits 
  ruins, 
  caves, 
  certain 
  stones, 
  and 
  

   springs. 
  Another 
  group 
  of 
  personified 
  demons, 
  according 
  to 
  Band- 
  

   elier, 
  includes 
  a 
  beautiful 
  young 
  woman 
  who 
  causes 
  insanity, 
  an 
  evil 
  

   old 
  hag 
  who 
  sends 
  epidemics, 
  and 
  a 
  three-headed 
  water 
  monster 
  

   which 
  lives 
  in 
  Lake 
  Titicaca. 
  A 
  nocturnal 
  demon 
  appearing 
  as 
  a 
  

   severed 
  human 
  head 
  presages 
  death. 
  Another 
  evil 
  spirit 
  owns 
  all 
  of 
  

   the 
  gold 
  and 
  silver 
  in 
  the 
  earth 
  (Bandelier, 
  ms.). 
  

  

  Several 
  supernatural 
  beings 
  defy 
  classification. 
  Images 
  of 
  a 
  good- 
  

   luck 
  spirit 
  (eq'eq'o) 
  are 
  kept 
  in 
  houses 
  and 
  adorned 
  with 
  miniature 
  

   objects 
  which 
  represent 
  the 
  material 
  desires 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara 
  (Paredes, 
  

   1936, 
  pp. 
  32-36). 
  This 
  spirit 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  connected 
  with 
  sex 
  and 
  

   fertility; 
  fiestas 
  in 
  his 
  honor 
  are 
  still 
  celebrated. 
  (See 
  Public 
  Ceremo- 
  

   nials, 
  p. 
  566.) 
  The 
  female 
  fertility 
  spirit 
  (paca 
  mama) 
  is 
  today 
  iden- 
  

   tified 
  with 
  the 
  Virgin; 
  sacrifices 
  are 
  made 
  to 
  her 
  in 
  connection 
  with 
  

   agriculture. 
  Another 
  important 
  supernatural 
  being 
  called 
  t'unupa 
  is 
  

   the 
  spirit 
  of 
  thunder 
  and 
  lightning 
  (La 
  Barre, 
  ms.). 
  The 
  Aymara 
  

   greatly 
  fear 
  lightning, 
  which 
  is 
  the 
  source 
  of 
  supernatural 
  power. 
  (See 
  

   Practitioners 
  of 
  Magic, 
  p. 
  564.) 
  

  

  Shrines. 
  — 
  In 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  numerous 
  sacrifices 
  made 
  to 
  spirits 
  

   of 
  the 
  houses 
  and 
  fields, 
  offerings 
  are 
  made 
  frequently 
  at 
  cairns 
  and 
  at 
  

   shrines. 
  

  

  Cairns 
  (apaceta) 
  are 
  piles 
  of 
  stones 
  placed 
  on 
  high 
  mountain 
  passes 
  

   or 
  where 
  roads 
  cross 
  barren 
  pampas. 
  At 
  these 
  places, 
  the 
  traveler 
  

   deposits 
  an 
  offering 
  to 
  gain 
  new 
  strength 
  and 
  to 
  prevent 
  himself 
  and 
  

   his 
  animals 
  from 
  becoming 
  sick. 
  The 
  offering 
  is 
  usually 
  simple 
  — 
  a 
  

   stone, 
  an 
  eyebrow 
  hair, 
  an 
  old 
  sandal, 
  a 
  coca 
  quid 
  or 
  leaf, 
  toasted 
  grain, 
  

   a 
  straw, 
  or 
  a 
  feather 
  — 
  but 
  when 
  a 
  large 
  party 
  is 
  traveling, 
  the 
  sacrifice 
  

   may 
  be 
  more 
  elaborate. 
  Offerings 
  are 
  similarly 
  made 
  at 
  river 
  fords 
  

   where 
  the 
  traveler, 
  drinking 
  three 
  gulps 
  of 
  water, 
  asks 
  the 
  river 
  spirit 
  

   to 
  allow 
  him 
  to 
  pass 
  unharmed, 
  and 
  offers 
  it 
  coca 
  or 
  toasted 
  grain. 
  

  

  The 
  shrines 
  (wak'a) 
  vary 
  in 
  their 
  powers 
  and 
  in 
  their 
  attitudes 
  

   toward 
  mankind. 
  Some 
  are 
  malignant 
  and 
  are 
  not 
  given 
  sacrifices 
  

   except 
  in 
  cases 
  of 
  illness 
  caused 
  by 
  the 
  evil 
  spirits 
  which 
  inhabit 
  them. 
  

   (See 
  Curing, 
  p. 
  569.) 
  Others, 
  widely 
  known 
  for 
  their 
  special 
  powers, 
  

   are 
  offered 
  coca, 
  flowers, 
  and 
  chicha. 
  Some 
  are 
  consulted 
  on 
  questions 
  

   of 
  marital 
  infidelity, 
  while 
  others 
  are 
  supplicated 
  by 
  barren 
  women 
  

   who 
  desire 
  children. 
  

  

  The 
  third 
  order 
  of 
  shrines 
  is 
  merely 
  an 
  elaboration 
  of 
  the 
  last. 
  On 
  

   top 
  of 
  Atoja, 
  a 
  mountain 
  near 
  Chucuito, 
  are 
  two 
  altars 
  which 
  were 
  

   probably 
  constructed 
  in 
  pre-Spanish 
  times 
  and 
  which 
  are 
  employed 
  

   chiefly 
  in 
  rites 
  to 
  bring 
  rain. 
  (See 
  Public 
  Ceremonials, 
  p. 
  566.) 
  The 
  

  

  