﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  URU-CHIPAYA 
  — 
  LA 
  BARRE 
  583 
  

  

  not 
  raise 
  guinea 
  pigs, 
  as 
  do 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  altiplaDO 
  tribes, 
  and 
  have 
  

   only 
  a 
  few 
  chickens. 
  Their 
  primitive 
  agriculture 
  is 
  limited 
  to 
  the 
  

   cultivation 
  of 
  a 
  little 
  quinoa 
  on 
  the 
  tribally 
  owned 
  lands 
  which 
  are 
  

   distributed 
  yearly 
  by 
  the 
  mayor 
  to 
  families 
  at 
  the 
  fiesta 
  of 
  San 
  Andres 
  

   (November 
  30). 
  Their 
  principal 
  industry 
  and 
  chief 
  source 
  of 
  wealth 
  

   is 
  cheese 
  made 
  of 
  sheep 
  milk. 
  The 
  Chipaya 
  eat 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  wild 
  

   tubers 
  and 
  occasionally 
  hunt 
  vicunas 
  and 
  small 
  rodents. 
  

  

  SOCIAL 
  AND 
  POLITICAL 
  ORGANIZATION 
  

  

  About 
  1930 
  there 
  were 
  some 
  350 
  Chipaya 
  in 
  Carangas, 
  which 
  was 
  

   physically 
  divided 
  into 
  nonexogamous 
  moieties, 
  called 
  "East" 
  and 
  

   'West," 
  each 
  with 
  its 
  own 
  mayor. 
  The 
  moieties 
  form 
  rival 
  and 
  very 
  

   antagonistic 
  groups. 
  They 
  fight 
  each 
  other 
  on 
  occasion 
  and 
  kill 
  each 
  

   other's 
  pigs 
  and 
  sheep 
  for 
  trespassing. 
  The 
  Chipaya 
  kinship 
  system, 
  

   like 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Uru, 
  is 
  much 
  influenced 
  by 
  the 
  Aymara. 
  Descent 
  is 
  

   patrilineal, 
  and 
  residence 
  patrilocal 
  for 
  a 
  year 
  or 
  until 
  the 
  birth 
  of 
  the 
  

   first 
  child 
  or 
  two. 
  All 
  Chipaya 
  , 
  without 
  exception, 
  are 
  bilingual 
  and 
  

   speak 
  Aymara 
  fluently; 
  indeed, 
  ordinarily 
  they 
  speak 
  Uru 
  only 
  among 
  

   themselves 
  at 
  home. 
  

  

  Their 
  music 
  and 
  folklore 
  are 
  entirely 
  Aymarized. 
  

  

  RELIGION 
  

  

  The 
  religion 
  of 
  the 
  Chipaya 
  does 
  not 
  differ 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara 
  

   of 
  the 
  same 
  region. 
  Some 
  rites, 
  however, 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  better 
  pre- 
  

   served 
  among 
  the 
  Chipaya 
  than 
  in 
  communities 
  more 
  open 
  to 
  outside 
  

   influences. 
  

  

  Chipaya 
  religion 
  is 
  a 
  blend 
  of 
  pagan 
  and 
  Christian 
  beliefs 
  and 
  

   practices, 
  with 
  a 
  strong 
  predominance 
  of 
  the 
  former. 
  

  

  The 
  main 
  Chipaya 
  deities, 
  to 
  whom 
  they 
  render 
  a 
  public 
  cult, 
  are 
  

   the 
  Saints 
  (San 
  Felipe, 
  Jer6nimo, 
  and 
  Santa 
  Ana, 
  the 
  protector 
  of 
  

   the 
  village), 
  the 
  Earth 
  Mother, 
  Pachamama, 
  who 
  is 
  often 
  confused 
  

   with 
  the 
  Virgin 
  Mary, 
  a 
  host 
  of 
  spirits 
  (maXku) 
  with 
  little 
  individ- 
  

   uality 
  (Chunkirini-maXku, 
  Kemperani-maXku, 
  Estewan-maXku), 
  the 
  

   mountains 
  seen 
  from 
  the 
  village 
  (among 
  them, 
  Nevada 
  deSajama), 
  

   the 
  Llauca 
  River, 
  and 
  the 
  tower 
  of 
  the 
  church 
  (Torre-maXku) 
  . 
  The 
  

   samiri 
  are 
  sacred 
  stone 
  fetishes 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  prosperity 
  of 
  the 
  village 
  

   hinges. 
  

  

  Family 
  houses 
  are 
  protected 
  by 
  a 
  spirit 
  (patio-maXku), 
  represented 
  

   by 
  stuffed 
  spotted 
  cats 
  or 
  hawks, 
  which 
  are 
  worshiped 
  only 
  by 
  the 
  

   members 
  of 
  the 
  household. 
  

  

  Public 
  cults. 
  — 
  The 
  most 
  important 
  Chipaya 
  deity 
  is 
  Pachamama, 
  

   or 
  Earth 
  Mother. 
  She 
  is 
  not 
  worshiped 
  on 
  a 
  special 
  date, 
  like 
  the 
  

   maXkus 
  and 
  saints, 
  but 
  is 
  associated 
  with 
  every 
  Chipaya 
  ceremony, 
  

   public 
  or 
  private. 
  She 
  is 
  invoked 
  in 
  most 
  prayers 
  and 
  is 
  offered 
  coca, 
  

   libations 
  of 
  chicha, 
  and 
  grease 
  balls 
  decorated 
  with 
  plants 
  and 
  silver 
  

  

  