﻿612 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Wooden 
  objects. 
  — 
  Artifacts 
  of 
  wood 
  are 
  well 
  preserved, 
  and 
  

   many 
  of 
  them 
  have 
  been 
  treated 
  as 
  diagnostics 
  of 
  the 
  Atacameno 
  

   culture 
  wherever 
  found. 
  The 
  most 
  characteristic 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  the 
  

   carved 
  tablets 
  and 
  tubes 
  for 
  taking 
  snuff, 
  toggles, 
  bells, 
  decorated 
  

   spindle 
  whorls, 
  combs, 
  agricultural 
  shovels 
  and 
  curved 
  knives, 
  

   wooden 
  knuckle-dusters, 
  spoons, 
  paint 
  boxes 
  of 
  various 
  shapes, 
  and 
  

   the 
  so-called 
  "prayer 
  books." 
  

  

  Wooden 
  tablets. 
  — 
  The 
  flat 
  wooden 
  tablets 
  are 
  rectangular 
  and 
  have 
  

   a 
  rectangular 
  cavity 
  on 
  one 
  face. 
  One 
  end 
  may 
  be 
  adorned 
  by 
  one 
  or 
  

   more 
  carved 
  wooden 
  handles, 
  but 
  tablet 
  and 
  handles 
  are 
  always 
  carved 
  

   from 
  a 
  single 
  piece 
  of 
  wood. 
  Decoration 
  is 
  common, 
  including 
  the 
  

   carved-figure 
  handles, 
  surface 
  incision, 
  and 
  shell 
  inlay. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  

   incised 
  designs 
  are 
  of 
  pure 
  Classic 
  Tiahuanaco 
  style, 
  and 
  correspond 
  

   to 
  stone 
  tablets, 
  similar 
  in 
  shape 
  and 
  ornamentation, 
  which 
  have 
  

   actually 
  been 
  found 
  at 
  the 
  site 
  of 
  Tiahuanaco 
  in 
  Bolivia. 
  In 
  the 
  early 
  

   literature, 
  these 
  tablets 
  are 
  frequently 
  called 
  " 
  tabletas 
  de 
  ofrendas," 
  

   since 
  it 
  was 
  thought 
  that 
  they 
  had 
  been 
  used 
  for 
  making 
  offerings. 
  

   Today, 
  it 
  is 
  generally 
  conceded 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  used 
  for 
  grinding 
  snuff, 
  

   possibly 
  tobacco, 
  but 
  more 
  probably 
  parica 
  (pi. 
  132). 
  

  

  Tubes. 
  — 
  Tubes 
  for 
  taking 
  the 
  snuff 
  through 
  the 
  nose 
  accompany 
  the 
  

   grinding 
  tablets 
  (pi. 
  132) 
  . 
  These 
  may 
  be 
  made 
  of 
  wood, 
  bone, 
  or 
  cane, 
  

   or 
  combinations 
  of 
  any 
  two 
  of 
  these 
  materials. 
  All 
  have 
  shaped 
  con- 
  

   ical 
  nose 
  pieces 
  and 
  slender, 
  cylindrical 
  tubes, 
  which 
  are 
  often 
  orna- 
  

   mented 
  with 
  relief, 
  or 
  overlaid 
  with 
  gold 
  leaf. 
  Both 
  nosepiece 
  and 
  

   tube 
  are 
  commonly 
  carved 
  from 
  a 
  single 
  piece 
  of 
  wood. 
  Again, 
  in 
  the 
  

   earlier 
  literature, 
  the 
  designation 
  " 
  escarificadores" 
  is 
  used, 
  because 
  

   small 
  bundles 
  of 
  thorns 
  are 
  sometimes 
  found 
  inserted 
  in 
  the 
  tubes, 
  and 
  

   these 
  were 
  thought 
  to 
  have 
  served 
  for 
  scarification 
  or 
  tattooing. 
  

  

  Toggles 
  and 
  bells. 
  — 
  The 
  wooden 
  toggles 
  (pi. 
  131, 
  A) 
  2 
  which 
  were 
  used 
  

   as 
  cinch 
  buckles 
  for 
  llama 
  harness, 
  are 
  so 
  numerous 
  in 
  the 
  graves 
  that 
  

   one 
  author 
  has 
  estimated 
  that 
  there 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  at 
  least 
  one 
  pair 
  

   of 
  llamas 
  for 
  each 
  family. 
  The 
  toggles 
  are 
  simple 
  V-shaped 
  wooden 
  

   pieces 
  with 
  knobs 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  for 
  attaching 
  the 
  cinch 
  straps. 
  Wooden 
  

   bells 
  have 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  wooden 
  clappers 
  from 
  5 
  to 
  7 
  inches 
  (about 
  

   13 
  to 
  18 
  cm.) 
  in 
  length 
  and 
  were 
  probably 
  hung 
  on 
  the 
  necks 
  of 
  the 
  

   lead 
  llamas 
  in 
  a 
  pack 
  train 
  (pi. 
  131,/, 
  g). 
  ■ 
  ' 
  

  

  Weaving 
  implements.- 
  — 
  A 
  number 
  of 
  wooden 
  implements 
  are 
  associ- 
  

  

  > 
  Explanation 
  of 
  Plate 
  181: 
  

  

  Miscellaneous 
  artifactsf 
  rom 
  North 
  Chile, 
  a, 
  Stone 
  hammer 
  or 
  maul; 
  b, 
  c, 
  stone-bladed 
  cultivating 
  tools; 
  d, 
  

   wooden 
  cultivating 
  (?) 
  tool; 
  e, 
  wooden 
  spade; 
  /, 
  wooden 
  llama 
  bell; 
  q, 
  wooden 
  clappers 
  for 
  bell; 
  h, 
  wooden 
  

   toggles 
  for 
  llama 
  cinch; 
  i, 
  bow;;, 
  quiver 
  with 
  carrying 
  core 
  and 
  string 
  for 
  securing 
  bow; 
  k, 
  arrow, 
  cane 
  shaft 
  

   painted 
  black, 
  green, 
  and 
  red, 
  forepiece 
  wood, 
  point 
  missing; 
  I, 
  arrow, 
  cane 
  shaft, 
  forepiece 
  wood, 
  point 
  of 
  

   stone; 
  m, 
  arrow 
  forepiece, 
  wood 
  with 
  stone 
  point; 
  n, 
  arrow, 
  wooden 
  forepiece 
  with 
  tip 
  encircled 
  by 
  cut 
  so 
  it 
  

   will 
  break 
  off 
  in 
  wound, 
  suggesting 
  use 
  of 
  poison. 
  All 
  from 
  Chiu-chiu 
  except 
  b 
  (Pica 
  Valley) 
  and 
  d 
  and 
  e 
  

   (Chuquicamata) 
  . 
  (Scale: 
  j 
  is 
  20^ 
  inches 
  (52 
  cm.) 
  long.) 
  (Courtesy 
  American 
  Museum 
  of 
  Natural 
  History.) 
  

  

  