﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  PUNA 
  AND 
  QUEBRADA 
  DE 
  HUMAHUACA 
  — 
  CASANOVA 
  

  

  627 
  

  

  WARFARE 
  

  

  Frequent 
  wars 
  with 
  neighboring 
  tribes 
  and 
  even 
  between 
  the 
  local 
  

   tribes 
  created 
  a 
  warlike 
  spirit, 
  which 
  was 
  evinced 
  in 
  the 
  bravery 
  with 
  

   which 
  these 
  people, 
  particularly 
  the 
  Humahuaca, 
  opposed 
  the 
  Whites 
  

   and 
  were 
  overcome 
  only 
  after 
  a 
  bitter 
  struggle. 
  The 
  cacique 
  directed 
  

   the 
  war, 
  with 
  the 
  advice 
  of 
  his 
  council. 
  Fighting 
  by 
  ambush 
  and 
  by 
  

   surprise 
  attacks 
  was 
  preferred, 
  but, 
  when 
  on 
  the 
  defensive, 
  the 
  Indians 
  

   took 
  refuge 
  in 
  the 
  pucaras, 
  or 
  fortifications. 
  Watchtowers 
  were 
  

   erected 
  on 
  all 
  the 
  strategic 
  hills. 
  They 
  stationed 
  sentinels 
  and 
  used 
  

   spies 
  to 
  learn 
  the 
  movements 
  of 
  the 
  enemy. 
  

  

  Weapons 
  consisted 
  of 
  bows 
  and 
  arrows 
  (fig. 
  55, 
  left) 
  with 
  heads 
  of 
  

   stone, 
  bone, 
  and 
  wood, 
  bolas 
  (libes) 
  (fig. 
  55, 
  center), 
  woven 
  slings 
  

   (fig. 
  55, 
  right), 
  spears, 
  axes, 
  and 
  clubs, 
  the 
  last 
  two 
  usually 
  of 
  stone, 
  

   although 
  there 
  are 
  magnificent 
  specimens 
  of 
  bronze. 
  

  

  k 
  

  

  3 
  I 
  

  

  Figure 
  55. 
  — 
  Humahuaca 
  artifact 
  types. 
  Left: 
  Bow 
  and 
  arrows 
  with 
  points 
  of 
  

   wood 
  and 
  stone. 
  Center: 
  Bolas. 
  Right: 
  A 
  woven 
  sling. 
  (All 
  one-tenth 
  actual 
  

   size.) 
  

  

  