﻿628 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Up 
  to 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest, 
  it 
  was 
  customary 
  to 
  take 
  trophies 
  

   of 
  war. 
  After 
  an 
  enemy 
  had 
  been 
  killed, 
  his 
  head 
  was 
  cut 
  off, 
  a 
  hole 
  

   was 
  made 
  in 
  the 
  cranial 
  cavity, 
  and 
  the 
  foramen 
  magnum 
  was 
  en- 
  

   larged. 
  Then 
  the 
  head 
  was 
  fastened 
  to 
  the 
  point 
  of 
  a 
  lance 
  or 
  carried 
  

   by 
  means 
  of 
  a 
  cord 
  passed 
  through 
  the 
  holes. 
  This 
  trophy 
  had 
  a 
  

   great 
  significance: 
  The 
  conqueror 
  believed 
  he 
  had 
  taken 
  possession 
  

   of 
  the 
  dead 
  man's 
  magic 
  power; 
  the 
  skull 
  was 
  a 
  mark 
  of 
  honor, 
  as 
  it 
  

   proved 
  his 
  valor; 
  and 
  it 
  was 
  something 
  on 
  which 
  he 
  could 
  inflict 
  fur- 
  

   ther 
  injuries, 
  thereby 
  continuing 
  his 
  vengeance. 
  

  

  ESTHETIC 
  AND 
  RECREATIONAL 
  ACTIVITIES 
  

  

  Art. 
  — 
  Painting 
  reached 
  its 
  highest 
  expression 
  in 
  pictographs, 
  such 
  

   as 
  those 
  of 
  Chulin 
  in 
  the 
  Quebrada, 
  and 
  at 
  Einconada 
  (fig. 
  56) 
  on 
  the 
  

   Puna. 
  The 
  latter, 
  which 
  covers 
  6 
  square 
  m. 
  (64 
  sq. 
  ft.), 
  has 
  human 
  

   and 
  animal 
  figures 
  painted 
  black, 
  red, 
  green, 
  and 
  pink. 
  The 
  straight- 
  

   line 
  technique 
  used 
  in 
  these 
  paintings 
  gives 
  a 
  stiffness 
  to 
  the 
  characters, 
  

   which 
  are 
  shown 
  both 
  in 
  profile 
  and 
  front 
  views. 
  The 
  artists 
  were 
  

   more 
  concerned 
  with 
  depicting 
  clothing 
  and 
  ornaments 
  than 
  features, 
  

   for 
  the 
  latter 
  are 
  always 
  indistinct. 
  

  

  The 
  art 
  of 
  carving 
  stone, 
  wood, 
  and 
  bone 
  was 
  not 
  greatly 
  developed 
  

   in 
  this 
  region. 
  The 
  finest 
  works 
  are 
  tablets 
  and 
  tubes 
  of 
  very 
  hard 
  

   wood, 
  expertly 
  carved 
  with 
  human 
  and 
  animal 
  figures 
  (fig. 
  57), 
  and 
  

   some 
  skillfully 
  carved 
  stone 
  and 
  wooden 
  idols. 
  

  

  Music. 
  — 
  Archeological 
  discoveries 
  have 
  produced 
  musical 
  instru- 
  

   ments 
  (fig. 
  58) 
  made 
  of 
  bone, 
  wood, 
  stone, 
  and 
  pottery. 
  The 
  most 
  

   common 
  instruments 
  are 
  whistles, 
  flutes, 
  and 
  trumpets. 
  Festivals 
  

   consisted 
  of 
  gatherings 
  at 
  which 
  there 
  was 
  dancing 
  to 
  the 
  music 
  of 
  

   these 
  instruments 
  and 
  much 
  drinking 
  of 
  chicha, 
  a 
  fermented 
  maize 
  

   beverage. 
  

  

  RELIGION 
  

  

  Very 
  little 
  is 
  known 
  about 
  religion. 
  The 
  chroniclers 
  say 
  only 
  that 
  

   these 
  people 
  had 
  idols 
  which 
  they 
  worshiped 
  fervently. 
  Archeological 
  

   excavations 
  have 
  brought 
  to 
  light 
  larger 
  and 
  better 
  constructed 
  build- 
  

   ings 
  than 
  the 
  ordinary 
  ones. 
  These 
  contained 
  stone 
  tables 
  or 
  altars, 
  

   which 
  may 
  be 
  considered 
  temples 
  or 
  shrines 
  for 
  idols. 
  In 
  the 
  fortified 
  

   village 
  of 
  Kinconada 
  on 
  the 
  Puna 
  are 
  cylindrical 
  monoliths 
  nearly 
  6 
  

   feet 
  (2 
  m.) 
  high, 
  protected 
  within 
  special 
  buildings. 
  At 
  crossroads, 
  

   along 
  roadsides, 
  and 
  on 
  hilltops 
  can 
  be 
  seen 
  apachetas, 
  i. 
  e., 
  piles 
  of 
  

   small 
  stones 
  purposely 
  heaped 
  up, 
  before 
  which 
  even 
  now 
  the 
  native 
  

   Indians 
  and 
  Mestizos 
  place 
  offerings 
  of 
  coca 
  leaves 
  to 
  assure 
  a 
  safe 
  

   journey. 
  On 
  the 
  steepest 
  and 
  most 
  inaccessible 
  places 
  there 
  are 
  

   structures 
  and 
  materials 
  which 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  sanctuaries. 
  

   Among 
  these 
  ruins 
  are 
  anthropomorphic 
  idols 
  which 
  doubtless 
  were 
  

   used 
  as 
  charms. 
  

  

  