﻿642 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  and 
  decorated 
  heads), 
  and 
  plain 
  or 
  engraved 
  chest 
  plates. 
  Some 
  of 
  

   the 
  engraved 
  plates 
  were 
  very 
  beautiful 
  and 
  had 
  complex 
  decoration 
  

   (Lafone-Quevedo, 
  1890). 
  In 
  marked 
  contrast 
  to 
  the 
  pre-Inca 
  and 
  

   Inca 
  people, 
  these 
  Indians 
  used 
  small, 
  light 
  ear 
  pendants. 
  Necklaces 
  

   of 
  bone 
  or 
  colored 
  stone 
  beads 
  (guaycas) 
  added 
  to 
  their 
  decoration. 
  

   In 
  rare 
  cases, 
  these 
  guaycas 
  were 
  of 
  metal, 
  but 
  as 
  a 
  rule 
  they 
  were 
  of 
  

   malachite, 
  porphyry, 
  calcareous 
  stones, 
  etc. 
  

  

  We 
  do 
  not 
  know 
  whether 
  these 
  Indians 
  tattooed, 
  but 
  archeological 
  

   evidence 
  shows 
  that 
  they 
  painted 
  their 
  faces. 
  They 
  evidently 
  depi- 
  

   lated 
  themselves, 
  for 
  copper 
  tweezers 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  tombs. 
  

  

  They 
  used 
  sandals 
  (ojota) 
  of 
  the 
  Quechua 
  type. 
  They 
  carried 
  llijta 
  

   and 
  coca 
  and 
  small 
  objects 
  in 
  chuspas, 
  bags 
  made 
  of 
  wool 
  from 
  species 
  

   of 
  Lama. 
  

  

  The 
  Santa 
  Maria 
  urns 
  and 
  the 
  anthropomorphic 
  images 
  of 
  La 
  

   Rioja 
  give 
  information 
  on 
  clothing 
  and 
  headdresses. 
  

  

  MANUFACTURES 
  

  

  Textiles. 
  — 
  Textiles 
  were 
  made 
  of 
  wool 
  from 
  animals 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  

   Lama. 
  Looms 
  consisted 
  mainly 
  of 
  two 
  wooden 
  bars 
  which 
  supported 
  

   the 
  warp. 
  Designs 
  were 
  woven 
  in 
  with 
  threads 
  dyed 
  with 
  vegetal 
  

   colors. 
  The 
  most 
  commonly 
  used 
  dyes 
  were: 
  algarrobo 
  for 
  gray 
  and 
  

   black 
  colors, 
  asuque 
  for 
  lead-blue, 
  atamisqui 
  and 
  colar 
  for 
  gray, 
  

   card6n 
  for 
  various 
  shades 
  of 
  violet, 
  coshque 
  yuyi 
  for 
  pale 
  pink, 
  chur- 
  

   qui 
  for 
  gray 
  and 
  black, 
  espinillo 
  and 
  mistol 
  for 
  coffee 
  color, 
  and 
  molle 
  

   for 
  yellow. 
  The 
  permanence 
  of 
  the 
  colors 
  was 
  extraordinary 
  in 
  view 
  

   of 
  the 
  primitive 
  technique 
  used 
  to 
  fix 
  them. 
  

  

  Basketry. 
  — 
  Because 
  of 
  the 
  humid 
  subsoil, 
  we 
  only 
  have 
  indirect 
  

   evidence 
  of 
  the 
  basketry 
  techniques. 
  Some 
  pots 
  were 
  modeled 
  in- 
  

   side 
  a 
  basket 
  and 
  still 
  bear 
  its 
  markings. 
  Ambrosetti's 
  (1909) 
  finds 
  

   in 
  La 
  Pay 
  a 
  reveal 
  two 
  techniques: 
  coiled 
  and 
  twilled. 
  

  

  Ceramics. 
  — 
  The 
  main 
  specimens 
  of 
  Calchaqui 
  ceramics 
  are 
  funeral 
  

   urns 
  and 
  bowls 
  (pucos). 
  The 
  first 
  are 
  jars 
  used 
  as 
  sepulchers. 
  Out- 
  

   side 
  their 
  dwellings, 
  the 
  Calchaqui 
  had 
  true 
  cemeteries 
  of 
  infant 
  urn 
  

   burials. 
  The 
  first 
  archeologists 
  to 
  work 
  in 
  this 
  area 
  explained 
  burials 
  

   in 
  urns, 
  a 
  custom 
  which 
  is 
  not 
  reported 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  chronicles, 
  as 
  

   human 
  sacrifices 
  made 
  to 
  bring 
  rain, 
  and 
  for 
  that 
  reason 
  Quiroga 
  

   (1898) 
  called 
  the 
  anthropomorphic 
  figure 
  which 
  appears 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  Santa 
  Maria 
  urns, 
  the 
  "Calchaqui 
  Parca" 
  (Calchaqui 
  

   Death). 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  common 
  and 
  widely 
  spread 
  type 
  of 
  urn 
  is 
  called 
  Santa 
  

   Maria, 
  after 
  the 
  place 
  where 
  it 
  was 
  first 
  found 
  (figs. 
  59, 
  60; 
  pi. 
  141 
  , 
  a-c). 
  

   This 
  type 
  has 
  a 
  cylindrical 
  neck, 
  which 
  widens 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  toward 
  

   the 
  mouth, 
  and 
  an 
  ovoid 
  body. 
  Subtypes 
  are 
  distinguished 
  by 
  the 
  

   relative 
  proportions 
  of 
  the 
  neck 
  and 
  body. 
  The 
  body 
  may 
  be 
  smooth 
  

   or 
  encircled 
  by 
  one 
  or 
  more 
  incised 
  bands. 
  These 
  urns 
  have 
  also 
  

  

  