﻿652 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  behind 
  the 
  men 
  with 
  lighted 
  torches 
  and, 
  if 
  necessary, 
  forced 
  them 
  to 
  

   return 
  to 
  the 
  battle. 
  According 
  to 
  Lozano 
  (1873-75), 
  they 
  displayed 
  

   more 
  zest, 
  courage, 
  and 
  audacity 
  than 
  men. 
  

  

  The 
  episodes 
  during 
  the 
  phase 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest 
  of 
  Tucuman 
  known 
  

   as 
  the 
  Great 
  Rebellion 
  reveal 
  another 
  aspect 
  of 
  total 
  warfare: 
  the 
  

   reciprocal 
  destruction 
  of 
  economic 
  resources, 
  especially 
  the 
  adver- 
  

   sary's 
  food 
  supplies. 
  The 
  Indians 
  burned 
  the 
  wheatfields 
  of 
  the 
  Span- 
  

   iards, 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  destroyed 
  the 
  Indian's 
  maize 
  crops. 
  When 
  the 
  

   natives 
  learned 
  to 
  sow 
  and 
  collect 
  European 
  wheat, 
  it, 
  too, 
  was 
  des- 
  

   troyed. 
  Narvaez 
  (1885) 
  explains 
  that 
  the 
  Indians 
  also 
  adopted 
  barley, 
  

   for 
  which 
  reason 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  attacked 
  the 
  natives 
  during 
  September 
  

   and 
  December, 
  the 
  driest 
  months, 
  because 
  "the 
  enemies 
  were 
  about 
  to 
  

   harvest 
  and 
  to 
  defraud 
  them 
  was 
  the 
  best 
  war 
  which 
  could 
  be 
  waged," 
  

   as 
  the 
  Governor 
  don 
  Felipe 
  de 
  Albornoz 
  wrote 
  to 
  the 
  King 
  in 
  1633. 
  

   They 
  were 
  also 
  attacked 
  when 
  they 
  prepared 
  their 
  expeditions 
  to 
  col- 
  

   lect 
  algarrobo 
  pods, 
  their 
  most 
  important 
  food 
  after 
  maize. 
  

  

  During 
  retreats, 
  the 
  Indians 
  attempted 
  to 
  carry 
  with 
  them 
  any 
  

   fallen 
  warrior 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  cry 
  over 
  him. 
  They 
  tortured 
  captives 
  with 
  

   "exquisite 
  torments." 
  

  

  Defensive 
  tactics 
  consisted 
  mainly 
  of 
  withdrawing 
  into 
  their 
  pucaras 
  

   or 
  forts, 
  from 
  the 
  top 
  of 
  which 
  they 
  threw 
  and 
  rolled 
  rocks 
  down 
  on 
  the 
  

   enemy. 
  In 
  battle, 
  they 
  protected 
  themselves 
  with 
  shields. 
  (See 
  

   Metallurgy, 
  p. 
  646.) 
  In 
  the 
  second 
  siege 
  of 
  the 
  city 
  of 
  La 
  Rioja, 
  the 
  

   Indians 
  covered 
  their 
  retreat 
  from 
  Spanish 
  cavalry 
  "leaving 
  them 
  

   stuck 
  in 
  the 
  mud 
  with 
  the 
  facility 
  and 
  means 
  provided 
  by 
  the 
  river," 
  

   that 
  is, 
  by 
  breaking 
  the 
  dams 
  and 
  flooding 
  the 
  country. 
  This 
  war 
  was 
  

   characterized 
  by 
  great 
  mobility, 
  by 
  surprise 
  and 
  improvisation, 
  and 
  

   by 
  the 
  unbreakable 
  spirit 
  and 
  energy 
  on 
  both 
  sides. 
  To 
  end 
  it, 
  the 
  

   Spaniards 
  were 
  obliged 
  to 
  resort 
  to 
  an 
  Inca 
  method 
  : 
  they 
  deported 
  

   the 
  natives 
  to 
  distant 
  regions, 
  where 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  large 
  population 
  of 
  

   Whites 
  and 
  other 
  natives. 
  Some 
  groups 
  were 
  sent 
  to 
  Alto 
  Peru. 
  One 
  

   of 
  these 
  walked 
  back 
  from 
  Potosi 
  to 
  Tucuman 
  to 
  continue 
  the 
  fight. 
  

   Another 
  contingent 
  was 
  settled 
  near 
  the 
  present 
  city 
  of 
  Quilmes, 
  near 
  

   Buenos 
  Aires, 
  to 
  which 
  it 
  gave 
  its 
  name. 
  (See 
  Marquez 
  Miranda, 
  

   1942-43, 
  for 
  a 
  detailed 
  study 
  of 
  Diaguita 
  warfare.) 
  

  

  ESTHETIC 
  AND 
  RECREATIONAL 
  ACTIVITIES 
  

  

  Art. 
  — 
  The 
  talents 
  of 
  the 
  native 
  artisans 
  are 
  obvious. 
  Their 
  art 
  is 
  

   expressed 
  in 
  petroglyphs 
  (pi. 
  146), 
  which 
  are 
  numerous 
  in 
  the 
  whole 
  

   Diaguita 
  area 
  and 
  which 
  are 
  found 
  to 
  the 
  southern 
  limit 
  of 
  the 
  Prov- 
  

   ince 
  of 
  San 
  Juan. 
  Though 
  many 
  petroglyphs 
  have 
  been 
  reproduced, 
  

   we 
  do 
  not 
  have 
  a 
  corpus 
  of 
  them. 
  The 
  most 
  important 
  themes 
  are 
  

   anthropomorphic 
  and 
  zoomorphic. 
  The 
  first 
  are 
  conventionalized 
  

   men, 
  both 
  clothed 
  and 
  naked 
  and 
  always 
  wearing 
  great 
  feather 
  head- 
  

   dresses. 
  Of 
  zoomorphic 
  representations, 
  llamas 
  are 
  most 
  common. 
  

  

  