﻿Vol.2] 
  LA 
  CANDELARIA 
  — 
  WILLEY 
  663 
  

  

  the 
  region 
  before 
  the 
  Spanish 
  contact. 
  The 
  evidence 
  at 
  Pampa 
  Grande 
  

   suggests 
  that 
  Diaguita 
  expansion 
  from 
  the 
  west 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  the 
  

   cause. 
  Or 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  incursions 
  of 
  people 
  from 
  the 
  plains 
  to 
  the 
  

   east 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  responsible. 
  There 
  is 
  also 
  the 
  possibility 
  that 
  

   protracted 
  drought 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  drove 
  these 
  agriculturists 
  northeast 
  

   into 
  the 
  Chaco. 
  At 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  European 
  contact 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  sedentary 
  

   farmers 
  known 
  as 
  the 
  Tonocote 
  inhabited 
  the 
  general 
  area 
  in 
  which 
  La 
  

   Candelarian 
  archeological 
  remains 
  are 
  found. 
  Very 
  little 
  is 
  kuown 
  of 
  

   these 
  people. 
  Much 
  later, 
  in 
  the 
  18th 
  century, 
  a 
  nonhorticultural 
  

   people, 
  the 
  Lule-Tonocote, 
  dwelt 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  region. 
  The 
  relation- 
  

   ships 
  of 
  the 
  Tonocote 
  with 
  the 
  Lule-Tonocote 
  have 
  been 
  discussed 
  at 
  

   some 
  length 
  (Ryden, 
  1936; 
  Metraux, 
  Handbook 
  of 
  South 
  American 
  

   Indians, 
  vol. 
  1, 
  pp. 
  227-228). 
  It 
  seems 
  unlikely 
  that 
  the 
  Lule- 
  

   TonocotS 
  were 
  descendants 
  of 
  the 
  TonocoU. 
  Although 
  there 
  is 
  very 
  

   little 
  supporting 
  evidence, 
  the 
  probabilities 
  favor 
  the 
  earlier 
  Tonocote 
  

   as 
  being 
  the 
  descendants 
  of 
  the 
  people 
  of 
  the 
  La 
  Candelaria 
  culture. 
  

   An 
  interesting 
  and 
  unique 
  physical 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  people 
  of 
  

   the 
  La 
  Candelaria 
  culture 
  was 
  their 
  beards. 
  Anthropomorphic 
  ves- 
  

   sels 
  (fig. 
  64, 
  a) 
  showing 
  bearded 
  figures 
  have 
  come 
  from 
  the 
  region. 
  

   (Metraux, 
  1930 
  b; 
  Schreiter, 
  1934; 
  Kyden, 
  1936.) 
  Historical 
  con- 
  

   firmation 
  of 
  this 
  for 
  the 
  general 
  region, 
  at 
  least, 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  Barzana 
  

   (1885) 
  who, 
  in 
  1594, 
  referred 
  to 
  the 
  Indians 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  the 
  city 
  

   of 
  Tucuman 
  as 
  being 
  bearded 
  "like 
  the 
  Spaniards." 
  That 
  genetic 
  

   strains 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  population 
  continue 
  into 
  the 
  present-day 
  inhab- 
  

   itants 
  of 
  this 
  section 
  of 
  Tucuman 
  and 
  Salta 
  is 
  suggested 
  by 
  the 
  number 
  

   of 
  bearded 
  individuals 
  among 
  the 
  Indians 
  and 
  Mestizos 
  who 
  live 
  there 
  

   at 
  the 
  present 
  time. 
  (Personal 
  communication 
  from 
  Alfred 
  Metraux.) 
  

  

  SOURCES 
  

  

  The 
  data 
  are 
  virtually 
  all 
  archeological. 
  The 
  standard 
  work 
  on 
  

   La 
  Candelaria 
  is 
  the 
  monograph 
  by 
  Ryden 
  (1936). 
  This 
  is 
  a 
  detailed 
  

   and 
  thorough 
  analysis 
  based 
  on 
  original 
  field 
  work 
  in 
  the 
  region, 
  sup- 
  

   plemented 
  by 
  studies 
  of 
  museum 
  specimens. 
  The 
  present 
  summary 
  is 
  

   written 
  chiefly 
  from 
  this 
  source. 
  Additional 
  references 
  pertaining 
  

   to 
  the 
  La 
  Candelaria 
  region, 
  including 
  those 
  previously 
  mentioned, 
  are 
  

   Ambrosetti 
  (1906), 
  on 
  the 
  Pampa 
  Grande 
  site, 
  Boman 
  (1908), 
  Torres 
  

   (1919), 
  Metraux 
  (1930 
  b), 
  Ryden 
  (1934), 
  and 
  Schreiter 
  (1934). 
  

   References 
  which 
  throw 
  light 
  upon 
  the 
  problem 
  of 
  La 
  Candelaria 
  in 
  

   relation 
  to 
  the 
  other 
  areas 
  or 
  problems 
  are: 
  Ambrosetti 
  (1897), 
  

   Nordenskiold 
  (1902), 
  Debenedetti 
  (1931), 
  Bruch 
  (1913), 
  Uhle 
  (1912), 
  

   Boman 
  (1923), 
  Coni 
  (1925), 
  Metraux 
  (1930 
  a), 
  and 
  Serrano 
  (1938). 
  

  

  THE 
  REGION 
  

  

  The 
  Department 
  of 
  Candelaria, 
  in 
  southeastern 
  Salta, 
  is 
  situated 
  

   in 
  an 
  intermediate 
  ecological 
  position 
  between 
  the 
  Andean 
  Highlands 
  

  

  