﻿690 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  present 
  time, 
  west 
  of 
  the 
  Andes, 
  the 
  Araucanian-speaking 
  

   Indians 
  are 
  massed 
  mainly 
  in 
  southern 
  Middle 
  Chile, 
  from 
  about 
  

   lat. 
  37° 
  to 
  42° 
  S., 
  in 
  the 
  Provinces 
  of 
  Arauco, 
  Bio-Bio, 
  Malleco, 
  

   Cautin, 
  Valdivia, 
  and 
  Llanquihue, 
  between 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  River 
  and 
  the 
  

   Canal 
  of 
  Chacao. 
  There 
  are 
  a 
  few 
  scattered 
  Araucanian-speakmg 
  

   Indians 
  between 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  and 
  the 
  Maule 
  Rivers, 
  but 
  apparently 
  

   none 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Maule, 
  and 
  few 
  or 
  none, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  present 
  writer 
  

   can 
  discover, 
  on 
  ChiloS, 
  although 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  River 
  and 
  on 
  

   Chiloe 
  somatological 
  and 
  cultural 
  (Cavada, 
  1914) 
  influences 
  still 
  sur- 
  

   vive 
  in 
  greater 
  or 
  lesser 
  degree. 
  East 
  of 
  the 
  Andes, 
  the 
  surviving 
  pure 
  

   blood 
  and 
  Mestizo 
  remnants 
  of 
  the 
  earlier 
  transcordilleran 
  Araucanian 
  

   migrants 
  are 
  found 
  scattered 
  in 
  various 
  sections 
  of 
  the 
  Pampa, 
  chiefly 
  

   in 
  the 
  Territory 
  of 
  Neuquen, 
  with 
  other 
  groups 
  in 
  the 
  Province 
  of 
  

   Mendoza 
  and 
  the 
  Territories 
  of 
  La 
  Pampa, 
  Rio 
  Negro, 
  and 
  Chubut. 
  

  

  TRIBAL 
  NAMES 
  AND 
  DIVISIONS 
  

  

  The 
  tribal 
  appellative 
  " 
  Araucano" 
  was 
  first 
  used 
  by 
  Ercilla 
  in 
  his 
  

   "La 
  Araucana" 
  of 
  1569-89 
  (1910, 
  p. 
  xix), 
  to 
  denote 
  the 
  Indians 
  of 
  the 
  

   locality 
  of 
  Arauco 
  ("muddy 
  water," 
  from 
  Araucanian 
  ragh, 
  raq, 
  rau, 
  

   "clay," 
  + 
  ko, 
  co, 
  "water"). 
  Modern 
  anthropology 
  uses 
  the 
  term 
  for 
  

   all 
  Indians 
  speaking 
  the 
  Araucanian 
  or 
  Mapuche 
  language, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  

   this 
  usage 
  which 
  we 
  are 
  following 
  in 
  the 
  present 
  paper. 
  The 
  Arau- 
  

   canians 
  themselves 
  do 
  not 
  use 
  the 
  term. 
  They 
  call 
  themselves 
  simply 
  

   che, 
  "people," 
  or 
  re 
  che, 
  "unmixed, 
  pure, 
  real" 
  + 
  "people." 
  Modern 
  

   Chilean 
  Araucanians 
  commonly 
  use 
  and 
  prefer 
  Mapuche, 
  "People 
  of 
  

   the 
  Land" 
  (mapu, 
  "land," 
  + 
  che). 
  

  

  The 
  terms 
  Auca 
  (syn.: 
  Auka, 
  Ouca, 
  Aucano, 
  Aucanian), 
  "rebel," 
  

   from 
  Quechua 
  auka, 
  "enemy, 
  rebel," 
  and 
  Promauca 
  (syn.: 
  Promaoca, 
  

   Promanca, 
  Promoca, 
  Poromoca, 
  Poromaca, 
  Poromoaca, 
  Paramoca, 
  

   Pomoroaca), 
  "wild 
  enemy," 
  from 
  Quechua 
  purun, 
  purum, 
  "unculti- 
  

   vated 
  field, 
  wild," 
  + 
  auka, 
  were 
  names 
  given 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  to 
  the 
  rebel 
  or 
  

   unconquered 
  Indians 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Maipd 
  River 
  to 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  River, 
  

   and 
  were 
  adopted 
  and 
  used 
  in 
  a 
  similar 
  limited 
  sense 
  by 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   in 
  the 
  16th 
  and 
  17th 
  centuries. 
  The 
  anthropological 
  use 
  — 
  as, 
  e.g., 
  

   by 
  Brinton 
  — 
  of 
  Aucas 
  as 
  a 
  generic 
  name 
  for 
  "Araucanians" 
  has 
  not 
  

   been 
  a 
  happy 
  one. 
  

  

  Present-day 
  anthropological 
  usage, 
  well 
  justified 
  by 
  our 
  historical, 
  

   linguistic, 
  and 
  cultural 
  evidence, 
  divides 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  into 
  the 
  

   following 
  main 
  groups: 
  

  

  West 
  of 
  Andes: 
  

  

  Picunche. 
  

  

  Mapuche. 
  

  

  Huilliche 
  (and 
  Cunco). 
  

   Andean 
  Highlands: 
  

  

  Pehuenche. 
  

   East 
  of 
  the 
  Andes: 
  

  

  Argentine 
  Araucanians. 
  

  

  