﻿694 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  south 
  of 
  Mendoza 
  City, 
  to 
  about 
  lat. 
  43° 
  S., 
  a 
  little 
  south 
  of 
  Lake 
  

   Nahuelhuapi. 
  In 
  1806, 
  De 
  la 
  Cruz 
  (1836, 
  p. 
  36) 
  located 
  the 
  Pegiienche 
  

   in 
  the 
  Andean 
  upland 
  and 
  eastern 
  slopes 
  and 
  adjacent 
  Pampa 
  between 
  

   lat. 
  34° 
  and 
  37° 
  S., 
  as 
  Molina 
  (1901, 
  p. 
  262) 
  had 
  done 
  earlier, 
  and 
  the 
  

   Guiliche 
  south 
  of 
  them. 
  Poeppig's 
  Pehuenche 
  were 
  around 
  Antuco 
  

   (1835-36, 
  1:381). 
  Mansilla 
  in 
  1870 
  (1877, 
  1:3,6; 
  2:275) 
  more 
  

   precisely 
  ascribes 
  the 
  territory 
  between 
  lat. 
  35° 
  and 
  37° 
  S., 
  and 
  long. 
  

   63° 
  and 
  66° 
  E. 
  to 
  the 
  Ranquel, 
  between 
  the 
  Klo 
  Quinto 
  and 
  the 
  Elo 
  

   Colorado, 
  with 
  their 
  center 
  at 
  Leubuc6. 
  

  

  Some 
  of 
  these 
  locations 
  are 
  rather 
  vaguely 
  defined. 
  Furthermore, 
  

   it 
  is 
  by 
  no 
  means 
  clear 
  that 
  the 
  same 
  subdivisional 
  names 
  as 
  used 
  for 
  

   Chilean 
  and 
  Argentine 
  subdivisions, 
  or 
  at 
  different 
  periods 
  by 
  different 
  

   sources 
  for 
  the 
  Argentine 
  subdivisions 
  themselves, 
  refer 
  to 
  identical 
  

   groups 
  and 
  historical 
  descendants 
  therefrom. 
  For 
  instance, 
  we 
  have 
  

   no 
  means 
  of 
  knowing 
  for 
  certain 
  whether 
  the 
  groups 
  called 
  Pegiienche 
  

   in 
  the 
  middle 
  18th 
  century 
  are 
  descendants 
  of 
  the 
  early 
  18th-century 
  

   Pehuenche 
  of 
  Pietas, 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  middle 
  17th-century 
  Pehuenche 
  of 
  

   Kosales 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  "Proceso 
  criminal 
  de 
  1658"; 
  or 
  whether 
  the 
  

   Ranquel 
  of 
  Mansilla 
  are 
  descendants 
  of 
  Sanchez 
  Labrador's 
  San- 
  

   guelche. 
  Such 
  subdivisional 
  names, 
  derived 
  from 
  cardinal 
  directions 
  

   or 
  ecological 
  phenomena, 
  were 
  very 
  loosely 
  and 
  variably 
  used 
  by 
  

   Indians 
  and 
  Whites, 
  depending 
  on 
  the 
  location 
  or 
  option 
  of 
  the 
  users. 
  

  

  It 
  seems 
  more 
  probable 
  that 
  the 
  Argentine 
  Picunche 
  located 
  by 
  

   Falkner 
  from 
  about 
  lat. 
  30° 
  to 
  35° 
  S. 
  are 
  not, 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  at 
  least, 
  

   descendants 
  of 
  the 
  Chilean 
  Picunche, 
  as 
  these 
  latter 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  

   been 
  well 
  absorbed 
  and 
  Hispanicized 
  before 
  the 
  start 
  of 
  the 
  major 
  

   Araucanian 
  invasion 
  of 
  the 
  Argentine 
  Pampa 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  18th 
  

   century. 
  The 
  survival 
  beyond 
  the 
  17th 
  century 
  in 
  great 
  numbers 
  

   of 
  the 
  Chilean 
  Mapuche 
  and 
  Huilliche, 
  the 
  severe 
  pressure 
  exerted 
  

   by 
  the 
  Whites 
  on 
  the 
  Mapuche 
  and 
  especially 
  on 
  the 
  Huilliche 
  in 
  

   earlier 
  Colonial 
  days, 
  and 
  scattered 
  historical 
  clues 
  on 
  17th-century 
  

   Chilean 
  Huilliche 
  and 
  Pehuenche 
  raids 
  or 
  intrusions 
  into 
  the 
  Argentine 
  

   Pampa, 
  all 
  suggest, 
  without 
  however 
  proving, 
  that 
  the 
  bulk 
  of 
  the 
  

   Argentine 
  Araucanians 
  stem 
  from 
  the 
  Chilean 
  Mapuche 
  and 
  Huilliche, 
  

   especially 
  the 
  latter. 
  

  

  POPULATION 
  

  

  Estimates 
  of 
  Araucanian 
  population 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  first 
  White 
  con- 
  

   tact 
  vary 
  from 
  a 
  half 
  million 
  to 
  one 
  and 
  a 
  half 
  million. 
  These 
  es- 
  

   timates 
  rest 
  on 
  very 
  weak 
  evidence, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  impossible 
  to 
  say 
  which 
  

   of 
  them 
  is 
  nearest 
  to 
  the 
  truth. 
  Everything 
  points, 
  however, 
  to 
  the 
  

   conclusion 
  that 
  at 
  that 
  time 
  the 
  area 
  between 
  the 
  Canal 
  of 
  Chacao 
  and 
  

   the 
  Bio-Bio 
  and 
  Itata 
  Kivers 
  was 
  very 
  densely 
  populated; 
  the 
  area 
  

   north 
  of 
  the 
  Itata, 
  much 
  less 
  so. 
  There 
  are 
  many 
  indications 
  that 
  this 
  

   dense 
  population 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Itata 
  and 
  Bio-Bio 
  Kivers 
  was 
  at 
  a 
  very 
  

  

  