﻿696 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  (Felix 
  Jose, 
  1910, 
  pp. 
  xi-xii; 
  1916, 
  l:vi). 
  Speakers 
  of 
  a 
  given 
  dialect 
  

   are 
  apt 
  to 
  pride 
  themselves 
  on 
  using 
  better 
  Araucanian 
  than 
  speakers 
  

   of 
  another, 
  and 
  make 
  fun 
  of 
  the 
  latter's 
  manner 
  of 
  speech. 
  In 
  all 
  dia- 
  

   lects 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  more 
  elegant 
  mode 
  of 
  speaking, 
  resorted 
  to 
  especially 
  

   in 
  meetings 
  of 
  leaders. 
  Araucanian 
  has 
  incorporated 
  a 
  considerable 
  

   number 
  of 
  loan 
  words 
  from 
  Quechua. 
  

  

  HISTORY 
  

  

  The 
  recorded 
  history 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  begins 
  with 
  the 
  first 
  Inca 
  

   invasion 
  of 
  their 
  territory 
  under 
  Tupac 
  Yupanqui, 
  who 
  reigned 
  prob- 
  

   ably 
  circa 
  A. 
  D. 
  1448-82. 
  The 
  Inca 
  frontier 
  was 
  finally 
  fixed 
  at 
  the 
  

   Elo 
  Maule. 
  By 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  arrival 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  in 
  Araucanian 
  

   Chile, 
  Inca 
  governors 
  had 
  been 
  appointed 
  in 
  the 
  provinces 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  

   as 
  the 
  Kio 
  Maip6, 
  tribute 
  was 
  being 
  exacted, 
  and 
  outpost 
  forts 
  had 
  

   been 
  erected 
  between 
  the 
  Rio 
  Cachapoal 
  and 
  the 
  Eio 
  Maule. 
  But 
  the 
  

   influence 
  of 
  Inca 
  culture 
  upon 
  Araucanian 
  in 
  this 
  northern 
  zone 
  does 
  

   not 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  very 
  profound. 
  

  

  First 
  contact 
  between 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  and 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  took 
  

   place 
  in 
  1536 
  when 
  Diego 
  de 
  Almagro 
  with 
  his 
  main 
  army 
  penetrated 
  

   to 
  Aconcagua, 
  some 
  of 
  his 
  men 
  getting 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  the 
  Rio 
  Maule. 
  

   But 
  the 
  permanent 
  occupation 
  of 
  Araucanian 
  territory 
  began 
  with 
  

   Pedro 
  de 
  Valdivia, 
  who, 
  setting 
  out 
  from 
  Cuzco 
  in 
  early 
  1540, 
  reached 
  

   the 
  valley 
  of 
  Mapocho 
  early 
  in 
  1541, 
  and 
  founded 
  the 
  city 
  of 
  San- 
  

   tiago 
  on 
  February 
  12 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  year. 
  During 
  the 
  following 
  12 
  years, 
  

   to 
  1553, 
  he 
  established 
  footholds, 
  founding 
  cities 
  and 
  building 
  forts, 
  as 
  

   far 
  south 
  as 
  Villarica 
  and 
  Valdivia. 
  In 
  1558, 
  Garcia 
  Hurtado 
  de 
  Men- 
  

   doza 
  extended 
  the 
  invasion 
  to 
  Chiloe. 
  There 
  followed 
  four 
  decades 
  of 
  

   bitter 
  warfare 
  between 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  and 
  the 
  Araucanians, 
  which 
  

   came 
  to 
  a 
  head 
  with 
  the 
  death 
  in 
  1598 
  of 
  the 
  governor, 
  Martin 
  Garcia 
  

   de 
  Loyola, 
  and 
  the 
  almost 
  total 
  destruction 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  settlements 
  

   in 
  Araucanian 
  territory 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  River. 
  _ 
  

  

  The 
  struggle 
  continued 
  intermittently 
  through 
  the 
  17th 
  century, 
  

   giving 
  place 
  in 
  the 
  18th, 
  with 
  the 
  inauguration 
  of 
  less 
  oppressive 
  

   policies, 
  to 
  relatively 
  peaceful 
  relations, 
  broken 
  chiefly 
  by 
  the 
  uprisings 
  

   of 
  1723, 
  1740, 
  and 
  1766. 
  The 
  last 
  stage 
  of 
  the 
  three-and-a-half- 
  

   century-long 
  struggle 
  was 
  ushered 
  in 
  around 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  19 
  th 
  

   century, 
  with 
  the 
  impulse 
  then 
  given 
  to 
  foreign 
  immigration 
  into 
  

   Chile 
  and 
  to 
  White 
  infiltration 
  into 
  the 
  Araucanian 
  frontier 
  region. 
  

   The 
  last 
  uprising 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  began 
  in 
  1880, 
  and 
  ended 
  with 
  

   their 
  definitive 
  pacification 
  in 
  1882-83. 
  

  

  In 
  general, 
  throughout 
  this 
  long 
  period, 
  from 
  1541 
  to 
  1883, 
  rela- 
  

   tively 
  little 
  opposition 
  from 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  was 
  experienced 
  north 
  

   of 
  the 
  Rio 
  Maule 
  and 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Rio 
  Imperial 
  by 
  the 
  Spaniards; 
  

   most 
  of 
  the 
  struggle 
  occurred 
  in 
  the 
  central 
  Araucanian 
  territory 
  be- 
  

  

  