﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  ARAUCANIANS 
  — 
  COOPER 
  697 
  

  

  tween 
  these 
  two 
  rivers, 
  and 
  especially 
  between 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  and 
  the 
  

   Imperial 
  Rivers. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  first 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  period, 
  especially 
  during 
  the 
  16th 
  cen- 
  

   tury, 
  Spanish 
  cultural 
  influences 
  upon 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  operated 
  

   along 
  many 
  lines. 
  The 
  encomienda 
  system, 
  first 
  introduced 
  in 
  Val- 
  

   divia's 
  time, 
  and 
  then 
  and 
  thereafter 
  carried 
  out 
  on 
  a 
  large 
  scale, 
  

   brought 
  great 
  numbers 
  of 
  Araucanians 
  as 
  workers 
  to 
  Spanish 
  farms, 
  

   ranches, 
  mines, 
  and 
  homes 
  in 
  Chile, 
  for 
  longer 
  or 
  shorter 
  periods. 
  A 
  

   great 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  soldiers 
  and 
  settlers 
  married 
  Araucanian 
  

   women. 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  Mestizo 
  offspring 
  of 
  such 
  marriages, 
  reared 
  in 
  

   White 
  surroundings, 
  on 
  coming 
  of 
  age 
  joined 
  the 
  Araucanian 
  fighting 
  

   forces. 
  Many 
  runaways 
  — 
  Spanish, 
  Mestizo, 
  Negro, 
  and 
  mulatto 
  — 
  

   sought 
  refuge 
  among 
  the 
  Araucanians. 
  Captive 
  Araucanians, 
  who 
  

   after 
  a 
  while 
  among 
  their 
  captors 
  were 
  in 
  considerable 
  number 
  freed 
  

   on 
  various 
  occasions, 
  returned 
  to 
  their 
  people. 
  Many 
  Spaniards 
  — 
  

   men, 
  women, 
  and 
  children 
  — 
  taken 
  captive 
  in 
  wars 
  and 
  raids 
  remained 
  

   by 
  force 
  or 
  by 
  choice 
  among 
  their 
  Araucanian 
  captors. 
  Many 
  Arau- 
  

   canians, 
  taken 
  into 
  the 
  Spanish 
  fighting 
  ranks 
  and 
  trained 
  therein, 
  

   deserted 
  to 
  their 
  countrymen. 
  Through 
  martial 
  encounter, 
  the 
  

   Araucanians 
  learned 
  much 
  of 
  European 
  military 
  tactics, 
  offensive 
  and 
  

   defensive 
  weapons, 
  and 
  horsemanship, 
  and 
  used 
  their 
  new 
  knowledge 
  

   and 
  new 
  weapons 
  with 
  deadly 
  effect. 
  

  

  Other 
  White 
  influences 
  on 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  came 
  through 
  the 
  mis- 
  

   sionaries, 
  some 
  of 
  whom 
  accompanied 
  Almagro 
  and 
  Valdivia. 
  Most 
  

   of 
  the 
  earlier 
  missionary 
  work 
  among 
  the 
  main 
  body 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  

   from 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  Eiver 
  to 
  the 
  Canal 
  of 
  Chacao 
  was 
  done 
  by 
  the 
  

   Jesuits, 
  from 
  1593 
  to 
  their 
  expulsion 
  in 
  1767-68, 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  Fran- 
  

   ciscans, 
  especially 
  after 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  18th 
  century 
  to 
  the 
  middle 
  

   of 
  the 
  19th. 
  Since 
  1848, 
  the 
  Capuchins 
  have 
  taken 
  over 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  

   task. 
  Since 
  the 
  18P0's, 
  Protestant 
  missionaries 
  of 
  several 
  denomin- 
  

   ations, 
  mostly 
  from 
  England 
  and 
  North 
  Ameriea, 
  have 
  been 
  active. 
  

   The 
  Salesians 
  of 
  Don 
  Bosco 
  have 
  worked 
  since 
  1879 
  among 
  the 
  Argen- 
  

   tine 
  Araucanians. 
  

  

  In 
  spite 
  of 
  all 
  these 
  influences, 
  secular 
  and 
  religious, 
  Araucanian 
  

   culture 
  in 
  the 
  central 
  zone, 
  from 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  River 
  to 
  the 
  Rio 
  Imperial 
  

   and 
  even 
  to 
  the 
  Gulf 
  of 
  Reloncavi, 
  remained 
  fairly 
  intact 
  until 
  well 
  

   toward 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  19th 
  century, 
  and 
  much 
  remains 
  even 
  today. 
  

   The 
  native 
  culture 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  and 
  the 
  Maule 
  Rivers 
  and 
  on 
  

   the 
  Island 
  of 
  Chiloe* 
  early 
  suffered 
  more 
  profound 
  disintegration 
  and 
  

   survives 
  only 
  fragmentarily 
  among 
  the 
  Mestizo 
  population 
  of 
  these 
  

   zones. 
  

  

  In 
  sketching 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  the 
  main 
  body 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanians, 
  we 
  

   have 
  purposely 
  omitted 
  mention 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanian 
  diaspora 
  across 
  

   the 
  Andean 
  Cordillera 
  to 
  the 
  Argentine 
  Pampa. 
  This 
  migration 
  may 
  

  

  