﻿698 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  be 
  divided 
  into 
  two 
  phases: 
  a 
  preliminary 
  one 
  up 
  to 
  about 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  

   the 
  17th 
  century, 
  and 
  the 
  major 
  one 
  beginning 
  with 
  the 
  dawn 
  of 
  the 
  

   18th 
  century. 
  

  

  As 
  early 
  as 
  Valdivia's 
  time, 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  "Pegtienche" 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  

   main 
  Andean 
  Cordillera 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  "Puelche" 
  to 
  the 
  east 
  of 
  them 
  were 
  

   brought 
  to 
  the 
  Villarica 
  region 
  under 
  the 
  encomienda 
  system 
  (Rosales, 
  

   1877-78, 
  1 
  :469). 
  These 
  "Puelche" 
  on 
  returning 
  to 
  their 
  own 
  country 
  

   must 
  have 
  brought 
  back 
  some 
  Araucanian 
  cultural 
  influences, 
  some 
  

   knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanian 
  tongue, 
  and, 
  not 
  unlikely, 
  an 
  occasional 
  

   Araucanian 
  wife. 
  Sporadic 
  raiding 
  by 
  upland 
  " 
  Pegilenche" 
  and 
  by 
  

   lowland 
  Araucanians 
  down 
  and 
  across 
  the 
  Andes 
  into 
  the 
  eastern 
  

   Andean 
  foothills 
  and 
  into 
  the 
  Pampa 
  beyond 
  was 
  occurring 
  as 
  early 
  

   at 
  least 
  as 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  17th 
  century. 
  (Rosales, 
  1877-78, 
  3:431; 
  

   P. 
  Cabrera, 
  1929, 
  pp. 
  52-53; 
  cf. 
  Proceso 
  criminal 
  de 
  1658, 
  1929, 
  p. 
  123.) 
  

   Furthermore, 
  our 
  scanty 
  published 
  records 
  imply 
  or 
  suggest 
  the 
  prob- 
  

   ability 
  that 
  individual 
  Araucanians 
  or 
  small 
  bands 
  of 
  Araucanian 
  

   refugees 
  or 
  wanderers 
  had 
  meanwhile 
  come 
  down 
  from 
  the 
  upper 
  

   cordilleran 
  valleys 
  or 
  had 
  crossed 
  from 
  the 
  west 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  slopes, 
  

   and 
  had 
  taken 
  up 
  life, 
  temporarily 
  at 
  least, 
  on 
  the 
  western 
  fringe 
  of 
  

   the 
  Pampa, 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  associated 
  with 
  the 
  earlier 
  non-Araucanian 
  

   natives. 
  (Cf. 
  Latcham, 
  1930, 
  64:222; 
  65:235.) 
  As 
  early 
  as 
  1673-80 
  

   Araucanians 
  were 
  actively 
  trading 
  with 
  non-Araucanian 
  peoples 
  of 
  the 
  

   Pampa 
  (P. 
  Cabrera, 
  1934, 
  1:105,108). 
  

  

  The 
  major 
  phase 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanian 
  diaspora 
  into 
  the 
  Pampa 
  be- 
  

   gan, 
  however, 
  only 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  17th 
  or 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  18th 
  

   century 
  (Latcham, 
  1929-30). 
  In 
  1707, 
  Araucanians 
  were 
  associating 
  

   or 
  in 
  alliance 
  with 
  non-Araucanians 
  on 
  the 
  Rio 
  Quinto 
  around 
  what 
  

   is 
  now 
  Mercedes, 
  in 
  the 
  Province 
  of 
  San 
  Luis 
  (P. 
  Cabrera, 
  1927, 
  

   pp. 
  54-55). 
  A 
  little 
  later, 
  1709-15, 
  they 
  were 
  raiding 
  almost 
  to 
  the 
  

   gates 
  of 
  Buenos 
  Aires 
  (Canals 
  Frau, 
  1941, 
  pp. 
  233-234). 
  

  

  By 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  18th 
  century 
  Araucanians 
  were 
  occupying 
  

   the 
  eastern 
  slopes 
  of 
  the 
  Andes 
  and 
  the 
  adjacent 
  Pampa, 
  and 
  were 
  

   making 
  excursions 
  to 
  capture 
  wild 
  horses 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  Volcan 
  range 
  

   in 
  the 
  southern 
  part 
  of 
  what 
  is 
  now 
  Buenos 
  Aires 
  Province, 
  where 
  

   Cardiel 
  and 
  Falkner 
  found 
  them 
  in 
  1746 
  (Cardiel, 
  in 
  Furlong 
  C, 
  

   1938, 
  p. 
  141). 
  From 
  this 
  time 
  on 
  until 
  the 
  campaigns 
  of 
  Roca 
  and 
  

   Villegas 
  (1879-83), 
  they 
  played 
  a 
  premier 
  role 
  in 
  aboriginal 
  life 
  on 
  

   the 
  Pampa 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Rio 
  Negro, 
  and 
  greatly 
  modified 
  the 
  culture 
  

   of 
  the 
  Tehuelche 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  river. 
  

  

  CULTURE 
  

  

  By 
  far 
  the 
  greatest 
  bulk 
  of 
  our 
  information 
  on 
  Araucanian 
  culture 
  

   concerns 
  the 
  Mapuche 
  and 
  the 
  mainland 
  Huilliche 
  (including 
  the 
  

   Cunco). 
  Our 
  information 
  on 
  the 
  culture 
  of 
  the 
  Chilotan 
  and 
  Argen- 
  

   tine 
  Araucanians 
  is 
  much 
  less 
  extensive; 
  on 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Picunche 
  

  

  