﻿700 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  sea 
  food 
  formed 
  a 
  considerable 
  element 
  in 
  the 
  diet 
  in 
  the 
  Coastal 
  area. 
  

   Most 
  of 
  the 
  food 
  supply 
  was 
  derived 
  from 
  cultivated 
  plants. 
  At 
  the 
  

   time 
  of 
  the 
  coming 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards, 
  all 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  (except 
  

   perhaps 
  the 
  Pehuenche 
  : 
  cf 
  . 
  infra) 
  from 
  the 
  Choapa 
  to 
  Chiloe 
  inclusive 
  

   were 
  sedentary 
  farmers. 
  That 
  Araucanian 
  agriculture 
  as 
  such 
  ante- 
  

   dated 
  the 
  Inca 
  invasion 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  15th 
  century 
  is 
  

   reasonably 
  certain, 
  since 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Maule 
  River 
  Inca 
  influence 
  could 
  

   hardly 
  have 
  given 
  rise 
  in 
  so 
  short 
  a 
  time 
  to 
  such 
  a 
  high 
  development 
  of 
  

   agriculture 
  as 
  the 
  first 
  Spaniards 
  found 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  Chiloe. 
  

  

  Agriculture. 
  — 
  The 
  following 
  food 
  plants 
  were 
  being 
  cultivated 
  by 
  

   the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  arrival 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards: 
  

   (1) 
  Maize, 
  wa, 
  Zea 
  mays; 
  8 
  or 
  9 
  "varieties," 
  according 
  to 
  Molina 
  (1878 
  

   b, 
  p. 
  375) 
  ; 
  cultivated 
  on 
  Chiloe 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  mainland. 
  (2) 
  White 
  po- 
  

   tato, 
  ponii, 
  pune, 
  Solanum 
  tuberosum; 
  over 
  30 
  "varieties," 
  according 
  to 
  

   Molina 
  (1878 
  b, 
  p. 
  377; 
  cf. 
  Bukasov, 
  1933, 
  p. 
  163, 
  many 
  varieties, 
  

   especially 
  on 
  Chiloe) 
  ; 
  more 
  than 
  a 
  hundred 
  native 
  names 
  of 
  "varieties" 
  

   grown 
  on 
  Chiloe 
  (Lenz, 
  1904-10, 
  2:559-61). 
  (3) 
  Kidney 
  bean, 
  de^ull, 
  

   degull, 
  Phaseolus 
  vulgaris; 
  13 
  or 
  14 
  kinds, 
  according 
  to 
  Molina 
  (ibid., 
  

   p. 
  376). 
  (4) 
  Squash, 
  per/ka, 
  wada, 
  Cucurbita 
  maxima 
  (and 
  C. 
  pepo?) 
  

  

  (5) 
  Madi, 
  Madia 
  sativa; 
  a 
  seed-crop; 
  an 
  oil 
  derived 
  from 
  seeds. 
  

  

  (6) 
  Chili 
  pepper, 
  trapi, 
  thapi, 
  Capsicum 
  annuum; 
  many 
  varieties 
  

   cultivated. 
  (7) 
  Quinoa, 
  dawe, 
  Chenopodium 
  quinoa; 
  a 
  seed-crop; 
  

   leaves 
  also 
  eaten 
  (Molina, 
  1878 
  b, 
  p. 
  376). 
  (8) 
  Oca, 
  Oxalis 
  sp.; 
  root- 
  

   crop 
  cultivated 
  earlier 
  in 
  Chiloe 
  and 
  Llanquihue; 
  two 
  varieties 
  cul- 
  

   tivated, 
  according 
  to 
  Latcham 
  (1915 
  b, 
  pp. 
  149, 
  154). 
  (9) 
  Magu, 
  

   marjo, 
  mango, 
  Bromus 
  mango; 
  a 
  seed-crop 
  resembling 
  our 
  rye; 
  bread 
  

   made 
  from 
  grain. 
  (10) 
  Teca, 
  tuca, 
  thuca, 
  not 
  identified 
  botanically; 
  

   superficially 
  resembling 
  our 
  barley; 
  bread 
  made 
  of 
  grain. 
  (11) 
  Pea- 
  

   nut, 
  man! 
  (from 
  Arawak; 
  no 
  native 
  Araucanian 
  name), 
  Arachis 
  hypo- 
  

   gaea; 
  thought 
  by 
  Lenz 
  (1904-10, 
  2:475) 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  introduced 
  by 
  

   the 
  Inca; 
  by 
  Latcham 
  (1936, 
  p. 
  192), 
  in 
  post-Contact 
  times. 
  (12) 
  

   Strawberry, 
  kellen, 
  llawen, 
  Fragaria 
  chiloensis; 
  both 
  cultivated 
  and 
  

   wild 
  used. 
  (13) 
  Huequen, 
  hueguen, 
  not 
  identified 
  botanically; 
  a 
  seed- 
  

   crop, 
  superficially 
  resembling 
  our 
  barley. 
  

  

  Of 
  the 
  foregoing, 
  maize 
  was 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  food 
  staple 
  among 
  

   the 
  Mapuche, 
  but 
  among 
  the 
  mainland 
  Huilliche 
  potatoes 
  were 
  appar- 
  

   ently 
  of 
  near 
  equal 
  importance 
  with 
  maize, 
  and 
  among 
  the 
  Chilotans 
  of 
  

   much 
  greater 
  importance. 
  This 
  relative 
  importance 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  

   persisted 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  present. 
  Potatoes 
  were 
  recently 
  the 
  chief 
  food 
  

   of 
  the 
  poorer 
  Indians 
  in 
  the 
  Rio 
  Imperial 
  area 
  (Coiia, 
  in 
  Moesbach, 
  

   1936, 
  p. 
  99). 
  

  

  Teca, 
  huequen, 
  and 
  oca 
  are 
  no 
  longer 
  cultivated; 
  the 
  cultivation 
  

   of 
  teca 
  had 
  been 
  abandoned 
  as 
  early 
  as 
  Molina's 
  time 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  

   18th 
  century. 
  The 
  last 
  specimen 
  of 
  magu 
  was 
  collected 
  in 
  1837 
  

   in 
  south 
  Chiloe. 
  Quinoa 
  was 
  reported 
  under 
  cultivation 
  in 
  Chiloe 
  as 
  

  

  