﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  ARAUCANIANS 
  — 
  COOPER 
  701 
  

  

  late 
  as 
  1875; 
  on 
  the 
  mainland 
  well 
  into 
  the 
  present 
  century 
  in 
  small 
  

   quantities 
  (Bullock, 
  1911, 
  p. 
  28). 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  no 
  report 
  of 
  manioc 
  or 
  tomatoes 
  being 
  cultivated 
  by 
  any 
  

   of 
  the 
  Araucanians. 
  The 
  sweet 
  potato 
  was 
  cultivated 
  a 
  little 
  in 
  the 
  

   northern 
  Picunche 
  region, 
  from 
  Quillota 
  north, 
  but 
  not 
  by 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  

   Mapuche-Huilliche, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  our 
  records 
  go. 
  

  

  Cultivation 
  in 
  open 
  glades 
  or 
  with 
  clearing 
  through 
  burning 
  (Bul- 
  

   lock, 
  1911, 
  pp. 
  32-33) 
  was 
  the 
  prevalent 
  system. 
  Generally, 
  land 
  was 
  

   left 
  fallow 
  1 
  to 
  3 
  or 
  more 
  years 
  after 
  one 
  season's 
  planting 
  (Bullock, 
  

   1911, 
  pp. 
  31-32; 
  Latcham, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  292-93). 
  Garden 
  plots 
  were 
  

   sometimes 
  fenced 
  (Goicueta, 
  1852, 
  p. 
  93), 
  more 
  often 
  unfenced. 
  

   Beans 
  were 
  often 
  planted 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  field 
  with 
  maize, 
  the 
  maize 
  

   stalks 
  serving 
  as 
  bean 
  poles. 
  Irrigation 
  was 
  used 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  Rio 
  

   Rapel, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  documentary 
  or 
  archeological 
  evidence 
  of 
  its 
  

   use 
  south 
  thereof 
  (Latcham, 
  1928 
  a, 
  p. 
  139), 
  where 
  rainfall 
  was 
  greater 
  

   and 
  more 
  evenly 
  distributed 
  the 
  year 
  round. 
  No 
  terracing 
  was 
  done 
  

   south 
  of 
  the 
  Choapa 
  (Latcham, 
  1928 
  a, 
  p. 
  135). 
  Manuring 
  was 
  

   apparently 
  not 
  practiced. 
  

  

  The 
  chief 
  gardening 
  implements 
  used 
  to 
  break 
  ground 
  and 
  to 
  loosen 
  

   and 
  lift 
  the 
  clods 
  were: 
  an 
  oar- 
  or 
  shovel-shaped 
  implement 
  of 
  wood; 
  

   a 
  wooden 
  three-pronged 
  or 
  tridentlike 
  "pitchfork," 
  sometimes 
  with 
  a 
  

   perforated 
  stone 
  at 
  the 
  upper 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  handle 
  to 
  weight 
  it 
  (Bascufian, 
  

   1863, 
  p. 
  192); 
  a 
  pole 
  (used 
  in 
  pairs 
  in 
  Chiloe) 
  pointed 
  at 
  one 
  end 
  and 
  

   rounded 
  at 
  the 
  other, 
  the 
  worker 
  leaning 
  his 
  body 
  weight 
  at 
  chest 
  or 
  

   stomach 
  on 
  the 
  rounded 
  end. 
  For 
  making 
  holes 
  to 
  sow 
  maize, 
  beans, 
  

   and 
  potatoes 
  and 
  for 
  digging 
  out 
  potatoes, 
  a 
  pointed 
  wooden 
  imple- 
  

   ment 
  served 
  as 
  dibble 
  and 
  digging 
  stick. 
  

  

  By 
  far 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  gardening 
  labor 
  fell 
  to 
  the 
  women. 
  

   They 
  did 
  the 
  sowing 
  and 
  weeding. 
  The 
  more 
  strenuous 
  work 
  involved 
  

   in 
  first 
  breaking 
  ground 
  was 
  done 
  by 
  the 
  men. 
  

  

  Planting 
  and 
  harvesting 
  were 
  done 
  on 
  the 
  communal 
  or 
  mingaco 
  

   system, 
  at 
  least 
  for 
  maize. 
  A 
  man 
  who 
  wished 
  to 
  break 
  ground 
  and 
  

   plant 
  maize, 
  invited 
  the 
  members 
  of 
  his 
  community 
  or 
  parcialidad, 
  

   men 
  and 
  women, 
  to 
  come 
  with 
  their 
  implements, 
  on 
  a 
  given 
  day. 
  TJbe 
  

   men 
  would 
  break 
  the 
  ground, 
  the 
  women 
  following 
  behind 
  them, 
  mak- 
  

   ing 
  holes 
  with 
  their 
  dibbles, 
  putting 
  three 
  or 
  four 
  kernels 
  of 
  maize 
  in 
  

   each 
  hole, 
  and 
  treading 
  down 
  the 
  earth 
  over 
  the 
  hole. 
  The 
  planting 
  

   over, 
  all 
  repaired 
  to 
  the 
  man's 
  house 
  for 
  an 
  abundant 
  meal 
  with 
  plenty 
  

   of 
  chicha 
  (Moesbach, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  138-43). 
  A 
  similar 
  procedure 
  — 
  

   invitation, 
  communal 
  labor, 
  food 
  and 
  drink 
  — 
  was 
  followed 
  in 
  harvest- 
  

   ing 
  and 
  threshing 
  wheat, 
  and 
  seemingly 
  in 
  other 
  harvesting. 
  The 
  

   threshing 
  of 
  the 
  wheat 
  was 
  done 
  by 
  men 
  and 
  women 
  trampling 
  the 
  

   ears 
  in 
  a 
  quasi-dance 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  singing 
  to 
  the 
  music 
  of 
  

   trumpet, 
  flutes, 
  and 
  drum. 
  In 
  more 
  recent 
  time 
  threshing 
  with 
  use 
  

   of 
  horses 
  came 
  in. 
  

  

  