﻿706 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Honey, 
  ajl, 
  and 
  salt 
  were 
  used 
  as 
  condiments. 
  Salt 
  was 
  obtained 
  

   from 
  the 
  sea 
  and 
  from 
  Andean 
  salt 
  deposits. 
  Where 
  salt 
  was 
  lacking, 
  

   as 
  near 
  the 
  Coast, 
  food 
  was 
  cooked 
  in 
  salt 
  water, 
  or 
  plant 
  ashes 
  were 
  

   substituted. 
  The 
  oil 
  made 
  from 
  madi 
  seeds 
  was 
  much 
  used 
  in 
  cooking. 
  

   Wild 
  thyme 
  and 
  wild 
  mint 
  were 
  also 
  used 
  as 
  seasoning 
  (Latcham, 
  1909, 
  

   p. 
  341). 
  

  

  A 
  great 
  number 
  of 
  different 
  dishes 
  were 
  made. 
  Stews 
  or 
  broths 
  

   were 
  the 
  more 
  common; 
  e.g., 
  meat 
  and 
  maize, 
  maize 
  and 
  potatoes, 
  

   beans 
  and 
  grease, 
  etc. 
  A 
  favorite 
  dish 
  was 
  made 
  of 
  potatoes 
  allowed 
  

   to 
  rot 
  a 
  couple 
  of 
  months 
  in 
  stagnant 
  fwater. 
  Another 
  [favorite 
  was 
  

   apoll, 
  parboiled 
  lungs 
  of 
  an 
  animal 
  so 
  slaughtered 
  that 
  they 
  filled 
  

   with 
  blood. 
  Raw 
  blood 
  of 
  cattle 
  was 
  drunk 
  or 
  eatea 
  coagulated. 
  

  

  Eating. 
  — 
  Fast 
  was 
  broken 
  in 
  the 
  morning 
  with 
  the 
  maize 
  (or|wheat) 
  

   flour 
  drink 
  mentioned 
  above. 
  In 
  early 
  times, 
  two 
  meals 
  a 
  day 
  were 
  

   customary, 
  the 
  first 
  just 
  before 
  noon, 
  the 
  second 
  at 
  dusk, 
  according 
  

   to 
  some 
  sources 
  (Barlaeus, 
  1647, 
  p. 
  268), 
  but 
  not 
  all. 
  (Cf. 
  Marcgrav, 
  

   1648, 
  p. 
  285.) 
  Round 
  wooden 
  plates 
  and 
  spoons 
  of 
  wood 
  or 
  bivalve 
  

   shells 
  were 
  used 
  at 
  meals. 
  Gourds 
  served 
  as 
  cups. 
  The 
  pottery 
  

   plates 
  and 
  the 
  wooden 
  or 
  clay 
  cups 
  with 
  handles 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  more 
  

   recent. 
  There 
  were 
  no 
  tables; 
  the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  ate 
  sitting 
  on 
  

   the 
  ground. 
  

  

  The 
  men 
  ate 
  together; 
  the 
  women 
  ate 
  apart 
  from 
  them. 
  The 
  wife 
  

   placed 
  food 
  before 
  her 
  husband, 
  but 
  he 
  did 
  not 
  eat 
  till 
  she 
  told 
  him 
  

   to 
  do 
  so. 
  It 
  was 
  likewise 
  bad 
  manners 
  for 
  a 
  guest 
  to 
  start 
  eating 
  

   before 
  being 
  told 
  by 
  his 
  host 
  to 
  do 
  so. 
  At 
  a 
  fiesta, 
  it 
  was 
  a 
  grave 
  dis- 
  

   courtesy 
  for 
  a 
  guest 
  to 
  leave 
  his 
  plate 
  not 
  wiped 
  clean 
  (Rosales, 
  1877- 
  

   78, 
  1:152, 
  154). 
  

  

  SETTLEMENTS 
  AND 
  DWELLINGS 
  

  

  Settlements. 
  — 
  The 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  lived, 
  not 
  in 
  villages 
  proper, 
  

   but 
  in 
  settlements. 
  Each 
  settlement 
  was 
  made 
  up 
  of 
  a 
  number, 
  

   usually 
  small, 
  three 
  to 
  eight 
  or 
  more, 
  of 
  families 
  or 
  households, 
  each 
  

   in 
  its 
  own 
  dwelling. 
  The 
  households 
  or 
  homesteads 
  were 
  set 
  up 
  

   within 
  sight 
  of 
  but 
  at 
  appreciable 
  distances 
  from 
  one 
  another 
  — 
  for 
  

   fear, 
  it 
  was 
  reported 
  earlier, 
  of 
  witchcraft 
  (Rosales, 
  1877-78, 
  1:150-51) 
  

   or 
  of 
  poisoning 
  (Gonzalez 
  de 
  Najera, 
  1889, 
  p. 
  48) 
  — 
  and 
  each 
  settle- 
  

   ment 
  or 
  loose 
  cluster 
  of 
  households 
  was 
  separated 
  by 
  somewhat 
  

   greater 
  distances 
  from 
  the 
  nearest 
  ones. 
  The 
  settlements 
  were 
  located 
  

   mostly 
  in 
  valleys 
  or 
  plains 
  along 
  streams 
  and 
  rivers. 
  Generally 
  

   speaking, 
  each 
  settlement 
  was 
  made 
  up 
  of 
  kin 
  (Marcgrav, 
  1648, 
  

   p. 
  285) 
  and 
  had 
  its 
  own 
  cacique. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  forts, 
  settlements, 
  or 
  

   dwellings 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  surrounded 
  with 
  a 
  kind 
  of 
  palisade. 
  

   (Ercilla, 
  canto 
  1, 
  1910, 
  p. 
  8; 
  Marino 
  de 
  Lovera, 
  1865, 
  p. 
  130; 
  Trib- 
  

   aldos, 
  1864, 
  p. 
  21). 
  

  

  