﻿712 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  to 
  fasten 
  the 
  ekull. 
  Glass 
  beads, 
  chaquiras, 
  were 
  early 
  imported 
  by 
  

   the 
  Spaniards, 
  and 
  later 
  displaced 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  llancas. 
  The 
  charac- 
  

   teristic 
  large 
  quadrangular 
  metal 
  ear 
  pendants 
  (chapall, 
  upul) 
  are 
  

   clearly 
  recorded 
  as 
  early 
  as 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  17th 
  century 
  (Rosales, 
  

   1877-78, 
  1:159); 
  the 
  wheel-shaped 
  ones, 
  still 
  earlier 
  (Gonzalez 
  de 
  

   Najera, 
  1889, 
  p. 
  47). 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  19th 
  century, 
  the 
  number 
  and 
  variety 
  of 
  silver 
  and 
  beaded 
  

   women's 
  adornments 
  (as 
  described 
  in 
  detail 
  by, 
  e. 
  g., 
  Moesbach, 
  1936, 
  

   pp. 
  213-14, 
  and 
  others) 
  — 
  necklaces, 
  bracelets, 
  anklets, 
  finger 
  rings, 
  

   ear 
  pendants, 
  brooches, 
  buckles, 
  and 
  so 
  forth 
  — 
  was 
  very 
  great. 
  In 
  

   general, 
  however, 
  this 
  represents 
  the 
  final 
  phase 
  of 
  a 
  gradual 
  evolu- 
  

   tion 
  from 
  a 
  much 
  simpler 
  style 
  of 
  women's 
  adornment 
  current 
  at 
  the 
  

   time 
  of 
  first 
  White 
  contact, 
  an 
  evolution 
  marked 
  by 
  the 
  substitution 
  

   of 
  glass 
  chaquiras 
  (beads) 
  for 
  the 
  native 
  llancas, 
  by 
  more 
  and 
  more 
  

   widespread 
  use 
  of 
  silver, 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  luxuriant 
  growth 
  of 
  new 
  forms 
  of 
  

   both 
  bead 
  and 
  silver 
  " 
  jewelry." 
  

  

  TRANSPORTATION 
  

  

  Land 
  transportation. 
  — 
  There 
  were 
  no 
  roads 
  such 
  as 
  were 
  common 
  

   in 
  Inca 
  territory, 
  but 
  only 
  trails. 
  Bridges 
  (kuikui) 
  consisted 
  merely 
  

   of 
  a 
  log 
  or 
  several 
  logs 
  spanning 
  small 
  streams. 
  The 
  tumpline 
  and 
  

   fiber 
  bag 
  of 
  simple-loop 
  netting 
  technique 
  were 
  used 
  for 
  carrying 
  goods. 
  

   The 
  llama 
  served 
  as 
  a 
  pack 
  animal; 
  the 
  dog 
  was 
  not 
  so 
  used. 
  Soon 
  

   after 
  the 
  coming 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniard, 
  the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  took 
  to 
  horse 
  

   riding. 
  (Cf. 
  supra 
  under 
  Domesticated 
  Animals, 
  p. 
  704). 
  

  

  Water 
  transportation. 
  — 
  Three 
  chief 
  types 
  of 
  watercraft 
  were 
  used 
  

   by 
  the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche: 
  the 
  plank 
  boat, 
  the 
  dugout, 
  and 
  the 
  reed 
  

   balsa. 
  As 
  Lothrop 
  (1932, 
  p. 
  253) 
  points 
  out, 
  all 
  three 
  were 
  more 
  or 
  

   less 
  crescent 
  or 
  new-moon 
  shaped, 
  with 
  raised 
  and 
  pointed 
  bow 
  and 
  

   stern. 
  

  

  Plank 
  boats 
  (dalca, 
  piragua) 
  of 
  3 
  planks 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  large 
  number 
  

   among 
  the 
  Araucanian-spesikmg 
  people 
  of 
  Coronados 
  Gulf 
  when 
  first 
  

   encountered 
  by 
  Cortes 
  Hojea 
  in 
  1558 
  (Goicueta, 
  1852, 
  p. 
  91). 
  Plank 
  

   boats, 
  while 
  more 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  Chilotans 
  and 
  southern 
  main- 
  

   land 
  Huilliche, 
  were 
  also 
  observed 
  farther 
  north 
  (Ona, 
  canto 
  10, 
  1917, 
  

   p. 
  349, 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Bio-Bio 
  River). 
  The 
  planks 
  were 
  lashed 
  together 
  

   with 
  fiber 
  rope 
  (of 
  Chusguea 
  sp.), 
  which 
  does 
  not 
  rot 
  under 
  water, 
  and 
  

   caulked 
  with 
  leaves 
  of 
  tiaca 
  (Caldcluvia 
  paniculate, 
  according 
  to 
  Med- 
  

   ina, 
  1882, 
  p. 
  193) 
  and 
  inner 
  bark 
  of 
  maqui 
  (Aristotelia 
  maqui). 
  They 
  

   were 
  propelled 
  by 
  about 
  8 
  to 
  12 
  rowers, 
  a 
  coxswain 
  steering 
  at 
  the 
  

   stern 
  with 
  a 
  pole 
  or 
  paddle. 
  In 
  a 
  favorable 
  wind, 
  a 
  sail 
  was 
  set 
  up. 
  

   Up 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  17th 
  century, 
  the 
  dalca 
  was 
  of 
  only 
  3 
  planks, 
  but, 
  

   in 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  18th 
  century, 
  it 
  developed 
  into 
  a 
  5-plank 
  (Olivares, 
  

   1874, 
  p. 
  371) 
  and 
  later 
  a 
  7-plank 
  craft. 
  (Gonzalez 
  de 
  Agiieros, 
  1791, 
  

  

  