﻿718 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  designs 
  on 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  archeological 
  finds 
  around 
  Valdivia, 
  most 
  

   earlier 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  pottery 
  was 
  undecorated, 
  and 
  of 
  compara- 
  

   tively 
  crude 
  workmanship. 
  (For 
  details 
  on 
  techniques 
  and 
  types, 
  

   cf.: 
  Latcham, 
  1928 
  b 
  ; 
  pp. 
  47-56, 
  195-219; 
  Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1929, 
  

   2:247-62; 
  Claude 
  Joseph, 
  1931, 
  pp. 
  43-48.) 
  

  

  Stoneworking. 
  — 
  The 
  early 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  made 
  considerable 
  

   use 
  of 
  chipped-stone 
  artifacts, 
  such 
  as 
  arrowheads, 
  and 
  of 
  polished- 
  

   stone 
  ones, 
  such 
  as 
  celts 
  and 
  perforated 
  rings, 
  but 
  no 
  detailed 
  accounts 
  

   of 
  processes 
  of 
  chipping, 
  polishing, 
  or 
  drilling 
  have 
  come 
  down 
  to 
  us. 
  

  

  Mining 
  and 
  metallurgy. 
  — 
  Some 
  use 
  was 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  Mapuche- 
  

   Huilliche 
  in 
  pre-Hispanic 
  times 
  of 
  gold, 
  silver, 
  and 
  copper 
  for 
  adorn- 
  

   ments, 
  utensils, 
  and 
  weapons, 
  as 
  evidenced 
  by 
  the 
  not 
  infrequent 
  

   mention 
  thereof 
  in 
  the 
  very 
  early 
  chroniclers 
  (e.g., 
  Ercilla, 
  1910, 
  

   p. 
  xix; 
  Marino 
  de 
  Lovera, 
  1865, 
  pp. 
  112, 
  125; 
  Gonzalez 
  de 
  Najera, 
  

   1889, 
  pp. 
  46-47; 
  Bascunan, 
  1863, 
  p. 
  201; 
  Kosales, 
  1877-78, 
  1:159). 
  

   Some 
  mining 
  for 
  or 
  gathering 
  of 
  gold 
  was 
  done 
  by 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  

   apparently 
  on 
  their 
  own, 
  under 
  pressure 
  from 
  the 
  very 
  early 
  con- 
  

   quistadors. 
  Probably, 
  too, 
  some 
  rough 
  shaping 
  and 
  hammering 
  was 
  

   done. 
  But 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  record 
  of 
  smelting 
  or 
  other 
  metallurgical 
  

   processes 
  in 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  early 
  sources 
  (McClafferty, 
  1932, 
  pp. 
  36-40). 
  

  

  Even 
  silversmithing, 
  as 
  practiced 
  so 
  skillfully 
  by 
  the 
  19th-century 
  

   Mapuche-Huilliche, 
  begins 
  to 
  be 
  described 
  in 
  our 
  sources 
  only 
  after 
  

   the 
  close 
  of 
  the 
  18th 
  century 
  although 
  it 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  developed 
  a 
  

   little 
  earlier. 
  Poeppig's 
  Pehuenche 
  of 
  the 
  Antuco 
  region 
  (1835-36, 
  

   p. 
  386) 
  used 
  pointed 
  stones 
  instead 
  of 
  hammers 
  in 
  their 
  silversmithing. 
  

   Silversmithing, 
  too, 
  is 
  first 
  reported 
  among 
  the 
  Araucanian-mfhienced 
  

   Tehuelche 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  third 
  of 
  the 
  19th 
  century, 
  about 
  a 
  century 
  

   after 
  their 
  acquisition 
  of 
  horses 
  and 
  other 
  Araucanian 
  elements 
  

   (Cooper, 
  1925, 
  p. 
  408). 
  In 
  modern 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  silversmithing, 
  

   crucibles 
  of 
  stone, 
  with 
  bellows, 
  were 
  used 
  to 
  melt 
  the 
  silver 
  coins. 
  

   The 
  molten 
  metal 
  was 
  poured 
  into 
  clay 
  or 
  sand 
  molds 
  (Edwards, 
  1929, 
  

   p. 
  63), 
  and 
  after 
  cooling, 
  was 
  worked 
  with 
  file 
  and 
  hammer 
  over 
  an 
  anvil. 
  

   The 
  various 
  products 
  were 
  used 
  chiefly 
  as 
  female 
  adornment 
  and 
  

   saddle-gear 
  ornamentation. 
  (For 
  details 
  on 
  silversmithing 
  techniques 
  

   and 
  products, 
  cf.: 
  Claude 
  Joseph, 
  1928 
  b; 
  Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1929, 
  

   2:274-83.) 
  

  

  Fire 
  making 
  and 
  illumination. 
  — 
  Fire 
  was 
  made 
  with 
  a 
  drill, 
  before 
  

   the 
  introduction 
  of 
  flint-and-steel 
  and 
  matches. 
  The 
  hearth 
  (domo, 
  

   "woman"), 
  with 
  a 
  small 
  perforation 
  in 
  the 
  center, 
  was 
  held 
  on 
  the 
  

   ground 
  with 
  the 
  feet; 
  the 
  drill 
  (wentru, 
  "man"), 
  twirled 
  with 
  the 
  

   hands. 
  The 
  only 
  record, 
  to 
  the 
  present 
  writer's 
  knowledge, 
  of 
  pro- 
  

   ducing 
  fire 
  by 
  striking 
  two 
  stones 
  together 
  is 
  that 
  by 
  Ofia 
  (canto 
  4, 
  

   1917, 
  p. 
  144), 
  from 
  Talcaguano 
  region, 
  near 
  the 
  Mapuche-Picunche 
  

   borderline, 
  and 
  the 
  account 
  given 
  by 
  this 
  none-too-reliable 
  writer 
  

   may 
  not 
  refer 
  to 
  an 
  aboriginal 
  fire-making 
  method 
  proper. 
  Fire, 
  

  

  