﻿722 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  father 
  or 
  relatives, 
  older 
  or 
  grown-up 
  children 
  remaining 
  with 
  the 
  

   deceased 
  husband's 
  people. 
  Widows 
  in 
  polygymous 
  households 
  very 
  

   commonly 
  fell 
  to 
  the 
  man's 
  heir 
  or 
  heirs, 
  that 
  is, 
  his 
  son 
  or 
  sons 
  (except 
  

   own 
  mothers), 
  his 
  younger 
  brother 
  or 
  other 
  brothers, 
  or 
  other 
  near 
  

   male 
  relatives. 
  

  

  Among 
  at 
  least 
  the 
  modern 
  Mapuche, 
  widows 
  or 
  women 
  who 
  had 
  

   been 
  deserted 
  without 
  cause 
  by 
  their 
  husbands 
  could 
  take 
  the 
  initia- 
  

   tive 
  in 
  seeking 
  out 
  and 
  proposing 
  marriage 
  to 
  men 
  (Claude 
  Joseph, 
  

   1933-34, 
  p. 
  712). 
  

  

  Parent-in-law 
  avoidances 
  were 
  in 
  force, 
  between 
  mother-in-law 
  and 
  

   son-in-law, 
  and 
  between 
  father-in-law 
  and 
  daughter-in-law. 
  Saluting, 
  

   directly 
  addressing, 
  naming, 
  and 
  looking 
  were 
  the 
  chief 
  specific 
  pro- 
  

   hibitions. 
  A 
  son-in-law 
  was 
  obligated 
  to 
  aid, 
  in 
  all 
  ways 
  as 
  needed, 
  

   his 
  wife's 
  father 
  and 
  relatives 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  they 
  lived. 
  

  

  Unmarried 
  women 
  were 
  very 
  free 
  to 
  bestow 
  sexual 
  favors 
  as 
  they 
  

   pleased 
  (Olivares, 
  1864, 
  p. 
  61). 
  In 
  Kosales' 
  vivid 
  phrasing: 
  "la 
  

   virginidad 
  ni 
  se 
  pide 
  ni 
  se 
  paga," 
  nor 
  was 
  a 
  man 
  obliged 
  to 
  marry 
  a 
  

   girl 
  with 
  whom 
  he 
  had 
  had 
  sexual 
  relations 
  (1877-78, 
  1:160). 
  

   Actually, 
  unmarried 
  girls 
  were 
  quite 
  loose 
  in 
  heterosexual 
  behavior; 
  

   as 
  to 
  female 
  homosexuality, 
  our 
  records 
  are 
  practically 
  silent. 
  Spor- 
  

   radic 
  cases 
  of 
  individual 
  prostitution 
  are 
  recorded 
  ; 
  likewise 
  of 
  daughter- 
  

   lending 
  to 
  guests; 
  and 
  more 
  rarely 
  of 
  wife-lending, 
  especially 
  during 
  

   drinking 
  feasts. 
  Various 
  types 
  of 
  plants 
  used 
  as 
  love-charms 
  are 
  

   noted 
  by 
  Felix 
  Jose 
  (1916) 
  : 
  under 
  lelliuken, 
  paillawe, 
  palpal, 
  wena^we, 
  

   wadawe. 
  

  

  KINSHIP 
  

  

  The 
  kuga. 
  — 
  Among 
  the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  there 
  prevailed 
  the 
  kuga 
  

   (cuga, 
  ciiga, 
  cunga; 
  also 
  elpa) 
  kinship 
  and 
  naming 
  system. 
  The 
  

   word 
  persisted 
  in 
  use 
  up 
  to 
  about 
  a 
  100 
  to 
  150 
  years 
  ago, 
  but 
  no 
  

   memory 
  of 
  it 
  now 
  survives. 
  The 
  kuga 
  is 
  described 
  by 
  our 
  chief 
  

   original 
  sources 
  as 
  a: 
  linaje, 
  descendencia, 
  casa, 
  familia, 
  parentela, 
  

   parentesco 
  (L. 
  de 
  Valdivia, 
  1887, 
  s.v. 
  cuga; 
  Gonzalez 
  de 
  Najera, 
  

   1889, 
  p. 
  46; 
  Kosales, 
  1877-78, 
  1:166; 
  Febres, 
  1882, 
  s.v. 
  cuga; 
  Molina, 
  

   1901, 
  p. 
  187; 
  Carvallo 
  i 
  Goyeneche, 
  1876, 
  p. 
  139); 
  genus, 
  progenies, 
  

   familia, 
  gens, 
  stirps, 
  stemma 
  (Havestadt, 
  1883, 
  1:377, 
  399, 
  2:640-41); 
  

   cast 
  (not 
  caste), 
  family 
  (Falkner, 
  1935, 
  p. 
  114) 
  — 
  all 
  words 
  denoting 
  

   or 
  connoting 
  kinship 
  proper. 
  Apart 
  from 
  honorific 
  adoption 
  of 
  

   nonkin 
  into 
  a 
  kuga 
  with 
  imposition 
  of 
  a 
  kuga 
  name 
  on 
  the 
  adoptee, 
  

   as 
  is 
  recorded 
  by 
  Havestadt 
  (1883, 
  1:399; 
  2:641; 
  cf. 
  Smith, 
  1855, 
  

   pp. 
  260-62) 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  missionaries 
  and 
  Colonial 
  civil 
  

   officers, 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  tangible 
  evidence 
  in 
  our 
  sources 
  that 
  any 
  but 
  real 
  

   kin 
  were 
  members 
  of 
  any 
  given 
  kuga, 
  and 
  consequently 
  no 
  evidence 
  

   that 
  the 
  kuga 
  constituted 
  a 
  true 
  sib. 
  

  

  