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  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  ing 
  to 
  Havestadt 
  (1883, 
  2:704), 
  which 
  was 
  of 
  greatest 
  esteem 
  was 
  the 
  

   llopu 
  one 
  between 
  maternal 
  uncle 
  and 
  maternal 
  nephew; 
  the 
  former 
  

   had 
  to 
  give 
  his 
  daughters 
  to 
  the 
  latter 
  in 
  marriage; 
  the 
  latter 
  had 
  to 
  

   help 
  his 
  maternal 
  uncle 
  in 
  all 
  things. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  record 
  of 
  institu- 
  

   tionalized 
  joking 
  relationship 
  among 
  kin. 
  

  

  Kinship 
  terminology. 
  — 
  The 
  kinship 
  terminology 
  of 
  the 
  Mapuche- 
  

   Huilliche 
  is 
  extremely 
  complex. 
  It 
  is 
  of 
  the 
  Omaha 
  type 
  (cf. 
  supra 
  

   under 
  Marriage) 
  insofar 
  as 
  a 
  man 
  calls 
  his 
  mother's 
  brother's 
  daughter 
  

   "mother," 
  and 
  she 
  calls 
  him 
  "son," 
  and 
  in 
  some 
  other 
  respects 
  (Hallo- 
  

   well, 
  1943). 
  It 
  is 
  made 
  up 
  predominantly, 
  though 
  not 
  exclusively, 
  

   of 
  reciprocal 
  terms. 
  It 
  is 
  in 
  large 
  measure 
  classificatory. 
  There 
  has 
  

   occurred 
  considerable 
  change 
  of 
  terminology 
  since 
  the 
  first 
  decade 
  of 
  

   the 
  17th 
  century, 
  as 
  evidenced 
  by 
  comparison 
  of 
  Luis 
  de 
  Valdivia's 
  

   (1887) 
  list 
  of 
  1606 
  and 
  FebreV 
  (1882) 
  of 
  1765, 
  and 
  Havestadt's 
  (1883) 
  

   of 
  1777 
  with 
  Guevara 
  Silva's 
  (1904, 
  pp. 
  24-27; 
  1908, 
  pp. 
  64-66; 
  1913, 
  

   pp. 
  191-94) 
  and 
  Felix 
  Josefs 
  (1916). 
  

  

  SOCIOPOLITICAL 
  CULTURE 
  

  

  Political 
  structure. 
  — 
  Our 
  sources 
  are 
  so 
  vague 
  and 
  often 
  so 
  conflict- 
  

   ing 
  as 
  regards 
  so 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  sociopolitical 
  structure 
  of 
  the 
  Maptiche- 
  

   Huilliche 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  impossible 
  to 
  reconstruct 
  therefrom 
  a 
  full, 
  rounded, 
  

   and 
  consistent 
  picture. 
  

  

  Some 
  major 
  features 
  of 
  the 
  system, 
  however, 
  are 
  quite 
  clear. 
  There 
  

   was 
  no 
  peacetime 
  over-all 
  chief, 
  no 
  centralization 
  of 
  authority 
  for 
  all 
  

   the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  in 
  any 
  one 
  individual 
  or 
  administrative 
  body. 
  

   Furthermore, 
  such 
  authority 
  as 
  was 
  vested 
  in 
  kinship 
  heads 
  and 
  local 
  

   "chiefs" 
  was 
  very 
  limited 
  — 
  exclusively 
  or 
  almost 
  exclusively 
  consul- 
  

   tative 
  and 
  persuasive, 
  with 
  little 
  or 
  no 
  coercive 
  power. 
  They 
  had 
  no 
  

   recognized 
  right 
  to 
  inflict 
  punishment, 
  to 
  claim 
  tribute 
  or 
  personal 
  

   service, 
  or 
  to 
  demand 
  obedience 
  from 
  their 
  kinsfolk 
  or 
  "subjects." 
  

   The 
  latter 
  paid 
  no 
  attention 
  to 
  them 
  and 
  did 
  as 
  they 
  pleased 
  if 
  the 
  

   leaders 
  showed 
  themselves 
  arrogant 
  or 
  domineering. 
  Headmen 
  or 
  

   "chiefs" 
  sent 
  their 
  messages 
  through 
  heralds 
  (werken) 
  chosen 
  for 
  de- 
  

   pendability 
  and 
  for 
  accuracy 
  of 
  memory 
  (Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1908, 
  pp 
  

   370-74). 
  

  

  Supreme 
  military 
  commanders 
  in 
  important 
  campaigns 
  or 
  in 
  general 
  

   uprisings 
  against 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  were 
  usually 
  elected 
  in 
  open 
  assembly 
  

   by 
  choice 
  of 
  the 
  leaders, 
  but 
  kinship 
  heads 
  and 
  other 
  "chiefs" 
  were 
  as 
  

   a 
  general 
  rule 
  hereditary. 
  On 
  the 
  death 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  kinship 
  head 
  or 
  

   "chief," 
  his 
  eldest 
  or 
  most 
  capable 
  son 
  ordinarily 
  succeeded 
  him. 
  If 
  

   the 
  oldest 
  son 
  was 
  a 
  minor, 
  the 
  deceased 
  father's 
  brother 
  or 
  nearest 
  

   male 
  relative 
  assumed 
  the 
  office 
  until 
  the 
  son 
  grew 
  up. 
  If 
  the 
  deceased 
  

   left 
  no 
  male 
  offspring, 
  the 
  office 
  went 
  to 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  nearest 
  consan- 
  

   guineal 
  or 
  affinal 
  kin. 
  In 
  some 
  cases, 
  where 
  the 
  heir 
  was 
  unfit 
  or 
  in- 
  

   competent, 
  some 
  other 
  man 
  would 
  assume 
  the 
  office. 
  

  

  