﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  ARAUCANIANS 
  — 
  COOPER 
  725 
  

  

  Decisions 
  regarding 
  peacetime 
  affairs 
  and 
  warlike 
  undertakings 
  

   were 
  usually 
  made 
  in 
  conferences 
  of 
  the 
  responsible 
  men 
  and 
  subheads 
  

   at 
  the 
  house 
  or 
  meeting-ground 
  of 
  the 
  head 
  or 
  "chief" 
  after 
  free 
  ex- 
  

   pression 
  of 
  views 
  and 
  by 
  common 
  agreement. 
  There 
  was 
  a 
  certain 
  

   loose 
  hierarchy 
  of 
  honor 
  and 
  status 
  (rather 
  than 
  of 
  authority 
  proper) 
  

   embracing 
  higher 
  and 
  lower 
  heads 
  and 
  "chiefs" 
  — 
  which 
  brings 
  us 
  to 
  

   the 
  less 
  clear 
  features 
  of 
  the 
  Mapuche-HuiUiche 
  sociopolitical 
  structure. 
  

  

  The 
  largest 
  geographical 
  division 
  among 
  the 
  Mapuche-HuiUiche 
  

   was 
  the 
  vutanmapu 
  (? 
  + 
  country) 
  . 
  Three 
  such 
  divisions 
  were 
  recog- 
  

   nized 
  in 
  earlier 
  times, 
  constituting 
  longitudinal 
  strips 
  along 
  the 
  Coast, 
  

   the 
  central 
  valley, 
  and 
  the 
  sub-Andine 
  region, 
  respectively, 
  from 
  the 
  

   Bio-Bio 
  River 
  to 
  the 
  Tolten 
  River; 
  to 
  which 
  were 
  later 
  added 
  a 
  fourth 
  

   embracing 
  the 
  Huilliche 
  country 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Tolten 
  to 
  lat. 
  42° 
  S., 
  and 
  

   a 
  fifth, 
  the 
  Andean 
  Cordillera 
  region. 
  These 
  great 
  divisions 
  func- 
  

   tioned 
  chiefly, 
  it 
  would 
  seem, 
  in 
  times 
  of 
  war. 
  

  

  The 
  next 
  smaller 
  division 
  was 
  the 
  aillarewe 
  (nine 
  + 
  rewe), 
  of 
  which 
  

   there 
  were, 
  according 
  to 
  Latcham's 
  tabulation 
  (1922 
  b, 
  pp. 
  839-46), 
  

   50 
  or 
  51 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Itata 
  River, 
  and 
  exclusive 
  of 
  Chiloe. 
  The 
  ailla- 
  

   rewe 
  was 
  made 
  up 
  of 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  smaller 
  groups, 
  usually 
  nine 
  but 
  

   sometimes 
  more 
  or 
  fewer, 
  generally 
  called 
  levo 
  in 
  the 
  earliest 
  sources, 
  

   and 
  rewe 
  (regua) 
  in 
  the 
  later 
  ones. 
  The 
  levo 
  or 
  rewe 
  was 
  in 
  turn 
  made 
  

   up 
  of 
  a 
  small 
  number 
  of 
  cavi 
  (cabi), 
  and 
  each 
  of 
  these 
  latter 
  in 
  turn, 
  at 
  

   least 
  in 
  the 
  south, 
  of 
  several 
  machulla 
  (muchulla) 
  or 
  pichicavi 
  (small 
  -f- 
  

   cavi). 
  The 
  foregoing 
  was 
  the 
  more 
  common, 
  but 
  not 
  invariable, 
  

   division 
  and 
  terminology. 
  

  

  Data 
  on 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  these 
  respective 
  subdivisions 
  are 
  very 
  fragmen- 
  

   tary. 
  According 
  to 
  Marino 
  de 
  Lovera 
  (1865, 
  p. 
  140), 
  each 
  cavi 
  in 
  the 
  

   Valdivia 
  area 
  had 
  400 
  "indios," 
  with 
  each 
  component 
  machulla 
  

   consisting 
  of 
  "pocos 
  indios." 
  Latcham 
  (1922 
  b, 
  pp. 
  383-84) 
  estimated 
  

   the 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  levo 
  (or 
  rewe) 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  from 
  about 
  1,600 
  to 
  

   4,000. 
  

  

  Our 
  sources 
  are 
  fairly 
  clear 
  that 
  each 
  machulla, 
  cavi, 
  and 
  levo 
  (rewe) 
  

   had 
  some 
  sort 
  of 
  headman. 
  (Marino 
  de 
  Lovera, 
  1865, 
  p. 
  140; 
  Olaver- 
  

   ria, 
  1852, 
  p. 
  22; 
  Bascunan, 
  1863, 
  p. 
  187.) 
  These 
  headmen 
  whose 
  

   office 
  was, 
  as 
  above 
  noted, 
  usually 
  hereditary, 
  functioned 
  in 
  normal 
  

   times, 
  in 
  contrast 
  to 
  the 
  leaders 
  of 
  the 
  larger 
  divisions, 
  who 
  earlier 
  

   appear 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  mostly 
  elected, 
  and 
  elected 
  predominantly 
  for 
  

   the 
  conduct 
  of 
  war. 
  Such 
  normal-time 
  headmen 
  and 
  wartime 
  leaders 
  

   were 
  variously 
  known 
  as 
  loryko, 
  toki, 
  rewe, 
  uTmen 
  — 
  titles 
  applied 
  by 
  

   our 
  earlier 
  sources 
  with 
  little 
  consistency. 
  In 
  general, 
  the 
  title 
  of 
  

   loTjko 
  (head) 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  given 
  more 
  to 
  headmen 
  of 
  lower 
  and 
  

   smaller 
  subdivisions, 
  toki 
  (ax) 
  to 
  headmen 
  of 
  rewes 
  or 
  of 
  higher 
  

   subdivisions. 
  The 
  title 
  of 
  ul'men 
  means 
  literally 
  " 
  noble, 
  rich 
  person" 
  

   rather 
  than 
  headman; 
  not 
  all 
  headmen 
  were 
  iil'mens, 
  and 
  vice 
  versa. 
  

  

  Vertical 
  relationships 
  in 
  the 
  political 
  hierarchy 
  are 
  not 
  clearly 
  defined 
  

  

  