﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  ARAUCANIANS 
  — 
  COOPER 
  731 
  

  

  knobbed 
  or 
  spiked 
  club. 
  The 
  sling 
  was 
  used 
  earlier 
  and 
  also 
  the 
  atlatl. 
  

   (Cardenas, 
  1846, 
  p. 
  43; 
  cf. 
  Marino 
  de 
  Lovera, 
  1865, 
  pp. 
  117, 
  372; 
  cf. 
  

   also 
  Ofia, 
  canto 
  6, 
  1917, 
  p. 
  225.) 
  G6ngora 
  Marmolejo 
  (1862, 
  pp. 
  47- 
  

   48) 
  mentions 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  pole 
  snare 
  used 
  on 
  one 
  occasion 
  to 
  drag 
  horsemen 
  

   out 
  of 
  their 
  saddle. 
  Flint 
  axes 
  were 
  also 
  used 
  at 
  times. 
  The 
  ordinary 
  

   and 
  chief 
  weapon 
  of 
  the 
  cavalry 
  was 
  the 
  very 
  long 
  lance, 
  later 
  headed 
  

   with 
  a 
  metal 
  point; 
  swords 
  were 
  used 
  when 
  available. 
  Defensive 
  

   armor 
  — 
  pre-Hispanic, 
  since 
  it 
  was 
  reported 
  in 
  use 
  at 
  very 
  first 
  contact 
  

   by 
  Pedro 
  de 
  Valdivia 
  — 
  consisted 
  of 
  helmets 
  and 
  coats 
  of 
  thick 
  seal- 
  

   skin, 
  cowhide, 
  or 
  whalebone, 
  together 
  with 
  thick 
  skin 
  shields. 
  Long 
  

   before 
  the 
  close 
  of 
  the 
  16th 
  century, 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  were 
  beginning 
  

   to 
  use 
  firearms. 
  

  

  Victory 
  celebration 
  and 
  treatment 
  of 
  prisoners. 
  — 
  War 
  captives 
  be- 
  

   belonged 
  to 
  the 
  captor; 
  booty, 
  to 
  him 
  who 
  first 
  seized 
  the 
  loot. 
  Some- 
  

   times 
  captives 
  were 
  adopted 
  into 
  the 
  tribe 
  or 
  kept 
  as 
  drudge 
  slaves. 
  

   The 
  common 
  practice 
  was 
  to 
  put 
  them 
  to 
  death, 
  frequently 
  with 
  tor- 
  

   ture 
  and 
  special 
  rites. 
  The 
  heads 
  of 
  battle 
  victims 
  were 
  cut 
  off 
  and 
  

   carried 
  back 
  on 
  spears. 
  

  

  The 
  victory 
  celebration 
  was 
  held 
  in 
  an 
  open 
  field, 
  with 
  a 
  canelo 
  tree 
  

   (Drimys 
  winteri) 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  thereof. 
  The 
  men, 
  clothed 
  in 
  the 
  skins 
  

   of 
  wild 
  beasts 
  dressed 
  with 
  the 
  head 
  left 
  on, 
  or 
  in 
  capes 
  covered 
  with 
  

   feathers, 
  danced 
  round 
  the 
  tree; 
  women 
  also 
  took 
  part 
  in 
  the 
  dance. 
  

   Captives 
  might 
  be 
  flayed 
  alive 
  or 
  tortured 
  in 
  other 
  ways. 
  (See 
  infra 
  

   under 
  CannibaHsm, 
  p. 
  732.) 
  One 
  distinctive 
  rite 
  first 
  reported 
  in 
  

   1629 
  by 
  Bascunan 
  (1863, 
  pp. 
  39^4; 
  cf. 
  Rosales, 
  1877-78, 
  1:125; 
  

   Olivares, 
  1864, 
  pp. 
  47-48; 
  Molina, 
  1901, 
  pp. 
  165-66; 
  Carvallo 
  i 
  

   Goyeneche, 
  1876, 
  pp. 
  144-45), 
  and 
  last 
  reported 
  in 
  1828 
  by 
  Poeppig 
  

   (1835-36, 
  1:389-90, 
  for 
  the 
  "Pehuenche" 
  near 
  Antuco), 
  was 
  as 
  follows: 
  

   One 
  or 
  more 
  small 
  holes 
  were 
  made 
  in 
  the 
  ground; 
  the 
  captive 
  was 
  

   given 
  a 
  stick 
  or 
  bits 
  of 
  stick 
  and 
  told 
  to 
  put 
  these 
  bits 
  one 
  by 
  one 
  into 
  

   the 
  holes, 
  pronouncing 
  with 
  each 
  bit 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  one 
  of 
  his 
  compatriot 
  

   prominent 
  warriors 
  or 
  relating 
  one 
  of 
  his 
  own 
  war 
  deeds; 
  as 
  he 
  threw 
  

   in 
  the 
  last 
  piece, 
  he 
  was 
  struck 
  over 
  the 
  head 
  with 
  a 
  heavy 
  club 
  or 
  was 
  

   pierced 
  with 
  lances, 
  and 
  so 
  despatched. 
  

  

  After 
  the 
  death 
  of 
  the 
  captive 
  his 
  heart 
  was 
  ripped 
  out 
  and 
  sucked 
  

   or 
  bitten 
  into 
  by 
  the 
  assembled 
  headmen; 
  from 
  his 
  skull, 
  a 
  drinking 
  

   cup 
  was 
  made; 
  from 
  his 
  long 
  bones, 
  flutes; 
  and 
  from 
  the 
  hard 
  dried 
  

   skin 
  of 
  his 
  hands, 
  rattles. 
  Sometimes 
  masks 
  were 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  dried 
  

   and 
  molded 
  faces 
  of 
  killed 
  captives 
  and 
  worn 
  like 
  the 
  animal 
  skins 
  

   mentioned 
  above. 
  The 
  victory 
  celebration 
  ended 
  with 
  the 
  killing 
  of 
  

   an 
  animal, 
  with 
  hard 
  stamping 
  on 
  the 
  ground, 
  singing, 
  and 
  dancing 
  

   around 
  the 
  heads 
  of 
  the 
  enemies 
  stuck 
  up 
  on 
  spears, 
  and 
  with 
  elaborate 
  

   feasting 
  and 
  heavy 
  drinking. 
  

  

  Peace 
  rites. 
  — 
  A 
  peace 
  messenger 
  with 
  a 
  canelo 
  branch, 
  the 
  symbol 
  

   of 
  peace, 
  was 
  sent, 
  and 
  those 
  coming 
  to 
  the 
  council 
  carried 
  branches 
  

  

  