﻿734 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  times 
  they 
  were 
  disapproved, 
  to 
  judge 
  from 
  a 
  somewhat 
  vague 
  refer- 
  

   ence 
  in 
  Housse 
  (1939, 
  p. 
  249). 
  

  

  Education. 
  — 
  Two 
  poles 
  10 
  to 
  13 
  feet 
  (3 
  to 
  4 
  m.) 
  long 
  attached 
  hori- 
  

   zontally 
  and 
  parallel 
  about 
  1 
  foot 
  (30 
  cm.) 
  apart 
  to 
  four 
  upright 
  

   stakes 
  about 
  2 
  feet 
  (0.5 
  m.) 
  high 
  were 
  used 
  as 
  a 
  device 
  to 
  help 
  the 
  infant 
  

   learn 
  to 
  walk 
  (Claude 
  Joseph, 
  1933-34, 
  p. 
  714). 
  As 
  means 
  of 
  physical 
  

   hardening, 
  boys 
  had 
  to 
  sleep 
  and 
  eat 
  outside 
  the 
  hut, 
  to 
  bathe 
  daily 
  

   from 
  infancy, 
  to 
  abstain 
  from 
  meat, 
  fish, 
  and 
  salt, 
  and 
  to 
  eat 
  chiefly 
  

   grain 
  and 
  "light" 
  foods; 
  their 
  legs 
  and 
  feet 
  were 
  scarified 
  to 
  help 
  them 
  

   run 
  swiftly. 
  (Rosales, 
  1877-78, 
  1:118, 
  167; 
  Manquilef, 
  1914, 
  pp. 
  

   263-64; 
  Gusinde, 
  1916-17, 
  pp. 
  205-13.) 
  They 
  were 
  early 
  trained 
  to 
  

   arms, 
  swimming, 
  and 
  horsemanship. 
  They 
  were 
  rarely 
  chastised, 
  

   lest 
  they 
  should 
  grow 
  up 
  base 
  and 
  cowardly, 
  and 
  they 
  were 
  praised 
  

   for 
  insolence. 
  They 
  accompanied 
  their 
  fathers 
  to 
  drinking 
  feasts, 
  

   and 
  the 
  latter 
  were 
  well 
  pleased 
  with 
  their 
  sons' 
  drinking 
  and 
  amours 
  

   thereat 
  (Olivares, 
  1864, 
  p. 
  61). 
  

  

  In 
  more 
  recent 
  times 
  at 
  least, 
  beginning 
  with 
  his 
  7th 
  year, 
  a 
  boy 
  

   was 
  given 
  counsel 
  and 
  instruction 
  every 
  evening 
  by 
  his 
  grandfather; 
  

   at 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  about 
  11 
  he 
  had 
  to 
  make 
  a 
  formal 
  visit 
  to 
  the 
  cacique 
  to 
  

   give 
  proof 
  of 
  his 
  knowledge 
  of 
  etiquette; 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  age 
  of 
  16 
  to 
  give 
  

   a 
  demonstration 
  of 
  his 
  oratorical 
  ability 
  (Claude 
  Joseph, 
  1933-34, 
  

   pp. 
  1055-56). 
  Stories 
  with 
  a 
  moral 
  were 
  used 
  to 
  educate 
  children 
  

   (Housse, 
  1939, 
  pp. 
  267-78). 
  In 
  recent 
  times 
  too, 
  ground 
  Datura 
  

   stramonium 
  seeds 
  were 
  fed 
  to 
  disobedient 
  and 
  incorrigible 
  children 
  to 
  

   mildly 
  narcotize 
  them, 
  in 
  which 
  state 
  they 
  were 
  then 
  lectured 
  (Gusinde, 
  

   1936, 
  p. 
  855). 
  

  

  No 
  puberty 
  rites 
  or 
  observances 
  proper 
  are 
  reported 
  for 
  either 
  boys 
  

   or 
  girls. 
  (Cf., 
  however, 
  infra, 
  Argentine 
  Araucanians, 
  p. 
  757.) 
  

  

  Death 
  and 
  burial. 
  — 
  If 
  we 
  may 
  take 
  our 
  sources 
  literally, 
  death 
  in 
  all 
  

   cases, 
  even 
  from 
  accident 
  or 
  old 
  age, 
  was 
  attributed 
  to 
  other 
  than 
  

   natural 
  causes, 
  viz., 
  to 
  sorcery 
  or 
  to 
  evil 
  spirits 
  excepting 
  only 
  death 
  

   from 
  wounds. 
  Suicide 
  occurred 
  but 
  was 
  not 
  common: 
  Bascufian 
  

   (1863, 
  p. 
  70) 
  mentions 
  warriors 
  captured 
  by 
  Spaniards, 
  and 
  Moesbach 
  

   (1936, 
  p. 
  241) 
  girls 
  forced 
  to 
  marry 
  against 
  their 
  wills, 
  as 
  having 
  

   sometimes 
  resorted 
  to 
  it. 
  

  

  The 
  rites 
  and 
  observances 
  connected 
  with 
  death 
  and 
  mourning 
  

   were 
  complex 
  and 
  differed 
  somewhat 
  according 
  to 
  period, 
  to 
  region, 
  

   and 
  to 
  rank, 
  status, 
  sex, 
  and 
  age 
  of 
  the 
  deceased. 
  The 
  chief 
  ones, 
  

   not 
  all 
  of 
  them 
  carried 
  out 
  in 
  all 
  cases, 
  were 
  the 
  following: 
  Kepeated 
  

   ceremonial 
  wailing; 
  tearing 
  out 
  of 
  hair 
  by 
  females, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  

   (Bascufian, 
  1863, 
  p. 
  187) 
  rending 
  of 
  clothing; 
  circling 
  the 
  corpse 
  afoot 
  

   or 
  on 
  horseback 
  with 
  great 
  clamor 
  (the 
  awn, 
  or 
  awtm 
  rite) 
  to 
  honor 
  

   the 
  deceased, 
  and 
  also, 
  it 
  appears, 
  to 
  drive 
  away 
  evil 
  spirits 
  and 
  to 
  

   prevent 
  sorcerers 
  from 
  capturing 
  for 
  evil 
  purposes 
  the 
  soul 
  of 
  the 
  

   deceased; 
  calling 
  in 
  the 
  shaman 
  to 
  discover, 
  through 
  examination 
  of 
  

  

  