﻿738 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  tB. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  composed 
  for 
  important 
  occasions. 
  Improvisation 
  of 
  songs 
  was 
  

   common. 
  The 
  songs, 
  with 
  words, 
  not 
  wordless 
  or 
  predominantly 
  

   wordless, 
  filled 
  with 
  metaphorical 
  and 
  vivid 
  language, 
  dealt 
  with 
  sub- 
  

   jects 
  ranging 
  from 
  sex 
  and 
  war 
  and 
  religion 
  to 
  love 
  of 
  kin 
  and 
  friends, 
  

   freedom, 
  satire, 
  death 
  and 
  bereavement, 
  various 
  frustrations, 
  drinking, 
  

   and 
  other 
  events 
  of 
  ordinary 
  life. 
  (For 
  details 
  on 
  songs 
  and 
  singing, 
  

   cf. 
  Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1911, 
  pp. 
  119-21; 
  for 
  samples 
  of 
  songs: 
  Guevara 
  

   Silva, 
  1911, 
  pp. 
  122-34; 
  1913, 
  after 
  p. 
  226, 
  with 
  musical 
  notation; 
  

   Felix 
  Jose*, 
  1910, 
  many 
  songs 
  passim.) 
  Besides 
  the 
  orators 
  and 
  song- 
  

   composers, 
  there 
  were 
  also 
  what 
  may 
  be 
  called 
  the 
  historians, 
  who 
  

   knew 
  the 
  ancient 
  traditions, 
  genealogies, 
  and 
  martial 
  exploits 
  of 
  the 
  

   past. 
  The 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  proverbs 
  current 
  (Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1911, 
  

   pp. 
  15-95) 
  and 
  the 
  distinctly 
  aboriginal 
  flavor 
  of 
  so 
  many 
  of 
  them 
  

   suggest 
  native 
  rather 
  than 
  Hispanic 
  origin. 
  The 
  few 
  riddles 
  (Sous- 
  

   telle, 
  1938, 
  pp. 
  76-77; 
  cf. 
  Felix 
  Jose, 
  1916, 
  1:93, 
  s. 
  v. 
  koneu) 
  look 
  more 
  

   European 
  

  

  Music. 
  — 
  Songs 
  were 
  usually 
  sung 
  in 
  a 
  low 
  voice 
  to 
  the 
  accompani- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  the 
  drum 
  or 
  other 
  instrument. 
  The 
  chief 
  musical 
  instruments 
  

   were: 
  A 
  kettle 
  drum 
  (kul'truTj), 
  a 
  wooden 
  plate 
  or 
  a 
  half 
  gourd, 
  

   with 
  a 
  single 
  head 
  of 
  skin, 
  beaten 
  with 
  a 
  small 
  stick; 
  a 
  flute 
  (pif9llka) 
  

   of 
  wood, 
  and 
  formerly 
  of 
  human 
  longbones; 
  a 
  wind 
  instrument 
  (tru- 
  

   truka), 
  10 
  to 
  13 
  feet 
  (3 
  to 
  4 
  m.) 
  long 
  of 
  Chusquea 
  sp., 
  hollowed 
  out, 
  

   with 
  a 
  cattle 
  horn 
  at 
  the 
  end; 
  a 
  shell 
  or 
  cattlehorn 
  trumpet 
  (kulkul). 
  

   The 
  shamans 
  used 
  particularly 
  a 
  hand 
  drum 
  of 
  the 
  type 
  just 
  mentioned 
  

   and 
  a 
  gourd 
  rattle 
  (wada). 
  Izikowitz 
  (1935, 
  p. 
  121) 
  figures 
  a 
  basketry 
  

   rattle. 
  Other 
  less 
  frequently 
  mentioned 
  musical 
  instruments 
  were: 
  

   A 
  drum 
  of 
  a 
  tree 
  trunk, 
  a 
  flute 
  of 
  Chusquea 
  sp., 
  a 
  small 
  sort 
  of 
  panpipe 
  

   or 
  "mouth 
  organ" 
  (Housse, 
  1939, 
  p. 
  190), 
  and 
  the 
  musical 
  bow 
  

   (Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1898, 
  1:281-82; 
  Felix 
  Jose, 
  1916, 
  1:180; 
  Izikowitz, 
  

   1935, 
  p. 
  203) 
  —the 
  last, 
  post-Columbian 
  (Lehmann-Nitsche, 
  1908). 
  

   The 
  bull-roarer 
  was 
  absent. 
  

  

  Dances. 
  — 
  Men 
  and 
  women 
  danced, 
  but 
  rarely 
  together, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  

   music 
  of 
  drum 
  and 
  flutes. 
  The 
  older 
  dances 
  were 
  seemingly 
  at 
  a 
  

   rather 
  slow 
  tempo, 
  the 
  dancers' 
  feet 
  being 
  hardly 
  lifted 
  from 
  the 
  

   ground. 
  The 
  imitative 
  ostrich, 
  puma, 
  and 
  other 
  dances 
  appear 
  to 
  

   have 
  been 
  more 
  modern, 
  of 
  introduction 
  from 
  across 
  the 
  Andes. 
  

   Bascuiian 
  (1863, 
  p. 
  135) 
  described 
  one 
  dance 
  characterized 
  by 
  rather 
  

   marked 
  erotic 
  elements, 
  elements 
  common 
  in 
  modern 
  Mapuche 
  dances 
  

   (Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1898, 
  1:285; 
  1908, 
  p. 
  41; 
  1913, 
  p. 
  229). 
  In 
  some 
  of 
  

   the 
  modern 
  Mapuche 
  dances 
  and 
  gatherings 
  there 
  is 
  considerable 
  

   clowning 
  (Felix 
  Jose, 
  1910, 
  pp. 
  45-46), 
  and 
  use 
  of 
  masks 
  (pi. 
  155, 
  

   bottom) 
  of 
  wood 
  and 
  of 
  canelo 
  leaves 
  (Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1898, 
  1:285; 
  

   1908, 
  p. 
  128; 
  Claude 
  Joseph, 
  1931, 
  pp. 
  234-36). 
  

  

  Recreation. 
  — 
  Perhaps 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  single 
  recreational 
  activ- 
  

   ity 
  of 
  the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  was 
  the 
  kawifi. 
  This 
  consisted 
  primarily 
  

  

  